Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation.

Federal State Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education "Russian State University of Tourism and Service" (FGOUVPO "RGUTiS")

Branch of the federal state educational institution higher professional education "Russian State University of Tourism and Service in Samara" (Branch of FGOUVPO "RGUTiS" in Samara)

Course work

discipline: "Commodity science and examination of the quality of industrial goods"

topic: "Perfume and cosmetic products"

completed: full-time student

Groups 3Ex-3

M.A. Zavyalova

Checked:

I.G. Golovacheva

Delivery date

Protection date

Samara, 2010

INTRODUCTION 3 1. Theoretical part:

1.1.Perfumes:

1.1.1. The history of the origin of perfumery 4

1.1.2. Production technology perfumery products 6

1.1.3. Consumer properties of perfumery products 12

1.1.4.Classification and assortment of perfumery products 14

1.1.5. Packaging and labeling of perfumery products 18

1.2.Cosmetic products:

1.2.1. The history of the origin of cosmetics 21

1.2.2. Technology for the production of cosmetic products 24

1.2.3. Consumer properties of cosmetic products 30

1.2.4. Classification and range of cosmetic products 32

1.2.5. Packaging and labeling of cosmetic products 45

2. Quality examination:

2.1. Examination of the quality of perfumery products 47

2.2. Examination of the quality of cosmetic products 50

3. Practical work:

3.1. Shampoo Quality Examination 54

3.2. Examination of the quality of compact powder 55

3.3. Quality expertise perfume water 56

Conclusion 57

Bibliography 58

INTRODUCTION

In our life we ​​are surrounded by a huge variety of aromas, whether washing powder or nail polish remover, not to mention luxury perfumes.

Perfumes (French parfumerie, from parfum - a pleasant smell, perfume) are products used to flavor skin, hair, clothes, and also as hygienic refreshers.

Today, many women, even the richest and most famous, would prefer to appear at a social event without diamonds, but wrapped up ... in the aroma of a charming perfume. Prove your financial viability to others with the help of expensive jewelry has long been a bad manners.

In a wide variety of perfumery products, you can easily get confused, there is a possibility to run into a fake or imitation of high-quality or elite perfumes.

In recent decades, the consumption of cosmetic products around the world, including in our country, has been increasing. A huge number of new products with new consumer properties have appeared on the Russian market, many previously unknown firms, both foreign and Russian.

Beauty and health should be taken care of daily and systematically. 'Cause they're still in effect wise words aphorism de Lenclos: "There are no ugly women. There are only women who do not know how to make themselves beautiful."

That is why I want to devote my term paper to the assortment and quality examination of perfumery and cosmetic products.

1. Theoretical part.

1.1. Perfumes.

1.1.1 History of perfumery.

The history of perfumery is inextricably linked with the history of mankind. In ancient Egypt, odorous substances played a huge role in fumigation and in the manufacture of ointments and balms (Appendix 1.fig.1). Following the experience of the Egyptians, the Greeks enriched the range of aromatic products, using them both in religion and in Everyday life. The Romans hurried to take their rightful place in the field of perfumery, endowing fragrances with healing properties.

In the 17th century, with the development of industry, perfumery experienced an extraordinary success, which was consolidated by the 19th century. Progress at this time, which determined the transition of perfumery to the stage industrial production, owes organic chemistry. It made it possible to isolate those compounds, the smell of which was of interest, and to recreate them by synthesis. Perfumers could let their imagination run wild and create different scent combinations.

In 1828, Pierre Guerlain, the founder of perfumers, opened his first shop in Paris. Guerlain creates the famous Imperial eau de toilette. Ordinary women still content with perfume water prepared on the basis of any one note - rose, jasmine, etc.

At the beginning of the century, perfumes from Koti appeared, and Gabrielle Chanel opened her first boutique. François Coty was the first to combine natural scents with artificial ones in the composition. There are several great names in the world of perfumery without them it is impossible to imagine the history of scents. These are people-legends, founders of traditions and discoverers of spirits. Their names have long lost their original meaning, becoming a symbol, a "bearer" of perfume ideas. One of them is Chanel. This is a legend, this is history, this woman who conquered the world. For 88 years of her turbulent and talented life, she made real discoveries in the world of fashion and perfume. Most famous perfume- "Chanel No. 5", which were again reanimated in 2008 and received a new sound. More than 25 years have passed since the death of the Great Mademoiselle (1971), and the house of Chanel lives and thrives, creating wonderful smells.

Since 1858 The Boucheron family creates their own perfume house. Now this perfume house is called "New Dawn".

Cartier (1904) - the first attempts to conquer the world of perfumery. And very effective, his first perfumes for the imperial court were in gold bottles and decorated with precious stones, they were popular and Cartier became the first of the jewelers-perfumers who was honored to be often invited to the imperial table. What cannot be said about Pierre Guerlain, who until a certain moment (1928) did not even dream of being at the imperial gates. True European and world fame came to Guerlain when, fascinated by the beauty and elegance of the young bride of Napoleon III, the Spanish Princess Eugenie, he compiled and presented to her for the wedding "Eaude Cologne Imperiale" in a crystal bottle with a gilded image of the emblem of the Bonaparte house - bees. The heart of the empress was conquered, and Pierre Guerlain became the official perfumer of the imperial house. The cologne "Imperiale" is still produced by the House of Guerlain (Appendix 1 fig. 2).

In the spring of 1947 famous designer fashion clothes- Christian Dior conquered the world with the spirits of "Miss Dior".

In the late 60s, journalist Carol Philips (USA) was asked to become the head of the Estee Lauder company. From that moment, in addition to cosmetic products, the company began to produce perfume products, recognized throughout the world. Hubert Givenchy, world fashion trendsetter, created his first perfume in 1957, inspired by the actress Audrey Hepburn. Perfumery fashion was strongly influenced by the perfumer discoveries of Giorgio Armani. The perfume of Giani Versace appeared in 1981. "The world is beautiful" - Kenzo's lifestyle and creations. It is difficult to list all the names of perfumers who have earned worldwide recognition: Trussardi, Yves Saint Laurent, Nina Ritchie, and others. As a rule, the most famous perfumes were produced not by perfumers, but by fashion designers and jewelers.

1.1.2. Technology for the production of perfumery products.

· Raw materials and materials used for the manufacture of perfumery products.

The composition of all perfumes is the same. It is made from a concentrate (perfume composition), alcohol and water, the difference is in proportions.

The most expensive and persistent are perfumes. They usually contain 20-35% of the perfume composition dissolved in 90% alcohol plus a fixative. Perfumes contain the most expensive and valuable natural essential oils and synthetic fragrances.

· Eau de Parfum - daytime perfume, "spirit of perfume", the next type of perfume products in concentration - 5-25% concentrate dissolved in 90% alcohol.

· Eau de toilette - 6-15% concentrate and 85% alcohol.

· Cologne - 6% perfume composition in 70-80% alcohol. This type of perfume is produced for men.

Creating scents like any creative activity, - the fruit of inspiration and many impressions. The musician plays notes, the artist paints, the perfumer ("nose") composes his creation from smells. Throughout history, perfume business has been transformed from a family business into a field of activity for financial groups and firms. Now the perfumer creates compositions for the firm he works for and therefore must be inspired by its ideals and image.

One perfume formula contains, on average, about a hundred elements, both natural and synthetic. And it is their dosage, their combination with each other that leads to a certain result, the desired composition, to achieve which, as a rule, a huge number of samples is required.

The quality of perfume depends on the quality of raw materials used. This determines the difference between a prestigious brand, which uses mainly natural and high-quality components from mass-market products, where the use of such components is impossible due to the high price.

Terms:"INITIAL (head) note", "HEART (middle)" note, "END (basic) note" - mean the phases of opening the bouquet.

· Top note appears within the first 15 minutes. evaporation. It creates the first, spontaneous impression of perfume. It is created by the most volatile components of the composition: citrus, herbal, aldehyde, green, ozone aromas.

· Heart note - the core of the perfume, determines the type of smell. It opens after the initial note and lasts for 3-4 hours. At this time, all the main aromas of the composition appear: fruity, floral, spicy, woody, animal, etc.

· end note felt in the final stage of evaporation and lasts 4-5 hours. Animal, musky, vanilla, amber smells appear in it, they provide the strength and durability of the perfume. Visually, the fragrance can be imagined in the shape of a triangle, and thus you can see what role certain notes play at each stage of the fragrance development.

Types of odors:

BITTER: geranium, lemon, mandarin, peony, lilac, orange blossom (orange flower).

· FINE: acacia, heliotrope, iris, levkoy, magnolia, mimosa, nasturtium, peony, rose.

· SWEET: acacia, mandarin, tuberose, vanilla.

· GREEN: clove, violet (leaves), narcissus, galbanum (resin), myrrh.

· WARM: acacia, sweet pea, peach, sandalwood, tuberose, honeysuckle, animal scents.

· DENSE, HEAVY: carnation, frankincense, lily, patchouli, tuberose, frankincense.

· SPICY: jasmine, patchouli, cyclamen, cinnamon, clove, vetiver (roots), frankincense.

· SMELL OF SKIN, TOBACCO is obtained from immortelle.

· ANIMAL odors: Ambergris-sperm whale gland secretes a secret that gives a lively, warm aroma, with notes of the sea coast, with hints of the smell of tea. It is used to give durability, as a fixative.

To get one or another type of smell in the perfume industry, the following fragrant substances are used:

Natural fragrances. They are divided by origin into substances of plant and animal origin.

Herbal aromatic substances include essential and extract oils, resins, balms and plants used for alcohol infusions.

Fragrant substances of animal origin include musk, ambergris, beaver stream, civet, etc.

Essential oils - These are volatile oily liquids extracted from flowers (rose, jasmine, etc.), flower buds (carnations), fruits (anise), fruit peel (lemon, orange), leaves (mint), wood (sandalwood), etc. Essential oils are obtained from fresh or dried essential oil plants by steam distillation (for example, rose, geranium, mint, and some others), by squeezing them out of the peel (citrus), by extraction with volatile solvents.

Extract oils are considered the highest quality and are used to make premium perfumes:

absolute oil - highly concentrated natural fragrance with a strong and persistent odor obtained from extract essential oils. Volatile and non-volatile solvents extract the extract oil from the floral raw materials, and then the concrete, from which the absolute is obtained by treatment with alcohol and its subsequent distillation.

Azalea oil - essential oil from the apical inflorescences of the azalea Azalea pontica, called in the Caucasus and in the Zhytomyr region the yellow rhododendron Rhododendron luteum. Absolute oil is a viscous mass of yellow-brown or greenish color with a persistent floral odor. It is used in the compositions of the highest grades of perfumery.

Calamus oil - essential oil from dry roots of calamus Acorus calamus. Viscous yellow-brown liquid with a peculiar spicy odor. Used in perfume compositions

acacia oil - essential oil from tree flowers (Acacia farnesiana and Acacia dealbata). Acacia absolute oil is obtained from acacia concrete. Dark yellow or brown liquid with a strong persistent spicy herbaceous odor. High price specificity, and even more so the absolute oil itself, led to its replacement in perfumery with compositions from inexpensive synthetic fragrant substances.

Anise aldehyde, or obepin, para-methoxybenzaldehyde - liquid with a pleasant smell of mimosa, hawthorn. Found in anise, fennel and many others essential oils. Most often, anisaldehyde is obtained by oxidation of the methyl ester of p-cresol. It is used in many perfume compositions and fragrances at a dosage of up to 5%.

Decyl aldehyde, or decanal liquid with a strong aldehyde odor, notes appear when diluted orange peel. It is found in citrus, coniferous and many floral essential oils. It is used in small doses (up to 2%) in perfumery compositions and fragrances for various purposes.

Leaf alcohol acetate , or cis-3-hexenyl acetate - liquid with very strong smell freshly cut grass, leaves, unripe fruits. Obtained by acetylation of cis-3-hexenol.

Para-acetylanisole, or para-methoxyacetophenone - ketone, interaction product acetic acid and anisole. Crystalline mass with a strong persistent smell of hay and floral notes of mimosa, hawthorn. Component of essential oils. Used in perfume compositions.

Dry vegetable raw materials - these are dried fragrant parts of plants (seeds, bark, etc.), used in the form of alcohol infusions. They are a valuable component of perfumes, as they have a full and persistent smell.

resins are secretions from the cuts of some trees growing in areas with a hot climate. The most commonly used are styrax (from an incised young tree - liquidambra), benzoin resin (from trees of the styrax family) and frankincense (from the branches of the cistus shrub).

Balms - these are semi-liquid substances - solutions of tree resins in essential oils. The greatest use is toluan balm, which has a vanilla smell.

Resins and balms are valuable not only because they have their own smell, but also because they are excellent fixatives that increase the durability of perfume smells.

Musk is a granular substance dark brown obtained from the dried endocrine glands of the musk deer - musk deer.

Ambergris - fatty waxy mass grey-green, extracted from digestive tract sperm whales and consisting of 80% cholesterol. In perfumery, an infusion of ambergris is used, which can fix the smell. Its variety is ambroxide, one of the most important components of natural ambergris. Crystalline mass with a strong ambery smell and a slight woody tint. It is used in perfumery compositions and fragrances of the highest grades.

Castoreum - a product of the excretion of paired glands of a river male beaver found in Siberia.

Zibet - greasy secretion of the endocrine glands of a civet cat living in North Africa and Asia.

Fragrances of the animal origin are used in perfumery in the form of infusions and their value is very great: they ennoble and enrich smells and increase the time of their perception. In addition, they establish harmony between the smells of perfume and human skin.

Synthetic fragrances - These are products of chemical processing of oil, coal, wood and essential oils, from which separate components are isolated and processed into fragrant substances. Due to the variability of quality and some scarcity of natural fragrances, the problem of creating synthetic fragrances attracts Special attention perfumers of all countries. At present, a significant amount of fragrant substances has been synthesized: terpine - with the smell of lilac, vanillin - with the smell of vanilla, coumarin - with the smell of hay, etc.

Synthetic fragrant substances can have not only smells corresponding to the smell of flowers or fresh greens, but also those that are not found in nature, which makes it possible to create perfumes and other perfume products with various fantasy smells, which can significantly expand the range of perfume products.

Alcohol used in perfumery as a solvent for fragrant substances and as a disinfectant and refreshing agent in colognes and fragrant waters. For the production of perfumery products, rectified ethyl alcohol of the highest purity is used, with a strength of 96.2 °.

Water it is mainly used to dilute alcohol to the desired concentration and must comply with the drinking water standard.

Dyes are used in cases where the perfume liquid needs to be given a certain color. For this purpose, organic dyes are used, soluble in alcohol and water.

· Eau de Parfum production

The production of perfumery consists of the following operations:

Compiling a base composition

Preparing a perfume composition

Preparing perfume liquid

liquid ripening,

liquid filtration,

The most important and responsible operation in the production of perfumery products is the preparation of a composition, which is a mixture of fragrant substances with an even characteristic floral or fantasy smell. The composition of base compositions is large (60-80 or more items of fragrant substances).

The perfume composition is prepared by adding various fragrant substances to the base composition. This takes into account the intention of the perfumer and the direction of future perfumes.

The preparation of a perfume liquid consists in dissolving the perfume composition in alcohol, adding infusions, water and dyes.

Freshly prepared perfume liquid can give sediment and cloudiness during storage, in addition, it still does not meet the required qualities of the smell, since it does not fully appear immediately.

The final processes of the production of perfumery products are: filtration of perfume liquid, pouring it into bottles, corking of bottles, labeling and packaging of bottles.

1.1.3. Consumer properties of perfumery water.

Aromatherapy is science, art, medicine, psychology, and philosophy. It's a way of life. Aromatherapy is the treatment of scent.

Proponents of aromatherapy believe that the inhalation of fragrant substances relieves stress, which many people are currently subject to.

In many countries, cosmetic products have appeared that use the principle of aromatherapy. For example, in the morning before going to work, you can use soap or toilet water, which will allow you to stay calm while traveling in the subway car. If during the day you feel tired or sleepy, then instead of a cup of coffee, you can use another toilet water, which has a tonic and refreshing effect. The formulation of these funds is based on aromatherapy.

It is well known that:

· Skin itching eliminates grapefruit, lavender, lemon, mint, chamomile, etc

Cellulite - orange, lemon, bergamot, pine, juniper, etc.

dry, Thin hair treats orange, ylang - ylang, mandarin, sage, chamomile, etc.

· Greasy hair- grapefruit, lemon, thyme, cedar, lemon balm, etc.

· brittle nails- cedar, lemon, eucalyptus, patchouli, myrrh, lavender, etc.

Jasmine enhances performance.

· Ylang-ylang "flower of flowers", relaxes, soothes.

· Aroma of violets - inspires optimism.

· Citrus fruits take care to strengthen the energy of the body and spirit.

There are approximately 3,000 plant species on earth, from which therapeutic essential oils can be isolated.

Spirits should be tried in a free, volatile state and never in a concentrated state. When choosing perfumes, it is necessary to smell not them, but yourself in them. It is better to wait a while (an hour) for the smell to fully manifest itself. Everyone perceives smells differently. The same perfumes sound completely different depending on skin type, hair color, temperament and even the season. When choosing perfumes, you should not listen only to yourself and your feelings. When using perfume, one should take into account the time of year, clothing, and place of residence.

· Day spirits are softer, more transparent.

· Evening - languid, saturated, intoxicating.

· Spicy, sensual aromas are more appropriate at the reception, in the theater.

in the office, on a walk will suit more tender lungs aromas.

· At night, it is better to use perfumes with fruity notes, they cause not only olfactory, but also taste sensations.

· In winter, chypre notes are good, their tart, woody-mossy smells emphasize warmth.

In summer, sweet, honey, floral, citrus, fresh, light aromas are more appropriate.

Perfumers closely associate perfume aromas with hair color, with a person's temperament:

The smell spreads in two directions:

Distribution in the outside world is the bridge that we build to people. Inside - thanks to their own conscious or unconscious perception of smell. It affects our mood, our self-confidence, our sense of joy. It is necessary not to "sniff", but to listen to the smell. Perfume is the second skin, the air that you have to breathe. A dress is a decoration of appearance, perfume is an inner dimension of the feminine.

1.1.4. Classification and range of perfumery products.

The range of perfumery products includes perfumes, colognes, fragrant waters and perfume sets.

I. Perfume. All types of perfumes can be grouped according to the following criteria: consistency, the nature of the smell, the content of the composition, the persistence of the smell, the purpose and place of production.

· By consistency, perfumes are liquid, solid and powder:

¨ liquid perfume are pleasantly smelling alcoholic or water-alcohol solutions of perfume compositions with the smell of a flower or fantasy direction and are used as a flavoring agent.

¨ solid perfume - This is a waxy mass, most often in the form of a pencil, saturated with a perfume composition and painted in a certain color. Used for rubbing the skin.

¨ powdered perfume- These are dried plants, ground into powder and perfumed with a perfume composition. Used to perfume clothes.

· According to the nature of the smell, perfumes are:

¨ Floral- having smells of any flower ("Jasmine", "Lilac", "Violet", etc.),

¨ fantasy- combining several smells of flowers or smells that are not found in nature ("Poison", "Shalimar", "Red Moscow", etc.).

¨ Perfume group extra contain at least 10% of the perfume composition (by weight of the perfume), and the odor resistance must last at least 60 hours. The extra group perfumes include Sonnet, Hope: Triumph, Lel, Bolero, etc.

¨ Perfume group A includes spirits containing, as a rule, at least 10% of the composition and having an odor resistance of at least 40 hours. These include "Russia", "Odette", "Mystery", "Magnolia", "Youth", "Chipr", "White Lilac " and etc.

¨ Group B spirits are spirits containing at least 5% of the composition and not more than 10% of water, and have an odor resistance of at least 30 hours. These include Carmen, Suliko, Crimean Rose, Red Carnation, etc.

¨ Group B spirits are mainly perfumes with a floral scent, containing at least 5% of the composition and 30% of water. Persistence of smell not less than 30 hours. These include "Violet", "Jasmine", "Lilac", "Carnation", etc.

¨ Perfume groups extra and A are available in artistically designed cases and boxes.

¨ Spirits of groups B and C are produced in cases and without cases.

II. Colognes. These are water-alcohol solutions of perfume compositions with the smell of a flower or fantasy direction. Colognes are used as hygienic, refreshing and flavoring agents.

· Depending on the composition, colognes are divided into two groups :

¨ Floral colognes are used as a hygienic and flavoring agent. The hygienic value of colognes lies in the disinfecting and refreshing effect of alcohol and aromatic substances.

Colognes, like perfumes, according to the content of the composition (depending on quality) are divided into four groups: extra, A, B and C.

- To the colognes of the extra group include colognes of the highest quality, containing from 3 to 5% of the composition. Persistence of smell for at least 24 hours. These are such as Prometheus, which won a gold medal at the Leipzig Fair, Antey, Zarya, Illusion, Hamlet, etc.

- To group A colognes include colognes containing from 3 to 5% of the composition. Odor resistance for at least 24 hours. These include "Lights of Moscow", etc.

- To group B colognes include colognes containing from 3 to 4% of the composition. The odor resistance is not standardized. These include "Snowflake", "Autumn", "Levkoi", etc.

- To group B colognes include colognes containing from 2 to 3% of the composition. The odor resistance is not standardized. These are "Carnation", "Orbit", "Jasmine", "Orchid", etc.

¨ Hygiene colognes differ in that they are used only for hygienic purposes. Their smell should be pleasant, but not strong and not particularly persistent. The content of the composition is up to 2%, and the composition of hygienic colognes includes citrus essential oils. The strength of alcohol does not exceed 60%.

III. Fragrant waters. These are water-alcohol solutions of compositions with a smell of the flower and fantasy direction.

Fragrant waters include "Birch water" (for refreshing the skin), " forest water"with the smell of pine needles (for freshening the air in the room), "Rose Water" (for face and body skin care), "Cinchona Water" (for hair care), etc.

1.1.5. Packaging and labeling of perfumery products.

GOST 27429-87 Liquid perfume and cosmetic products. "Packaging, marking, transportation and storage"

The packaging of any product, and especially perfumes, is the highest art. The shell, like the spirits themselves, is created on long years. Artists and designers are trying to translate the language of smells into visuals, to convey the first idea of ​​the idea of ​​smell. Even in the tombs of the pharaohs of the ancient world, vessels with traces of incense were found. The Greeks and Romans left wonderful samples of bottles in the form of miniature amphoras. Old Russian beauties used special oriental jewelry - pendants, in which they put aromatic substances. When walking, the pendants swayed, and the fragrance spread around. Currently, the reception of bottle design is widespread - in the form female figure. Perfume packaging is part of the fragrance. Today, the trendsetter in the world of bottles is Baccarat (fr.). It was founded in 1764. Its services are used by leading perfume houses of the world.

Perfumes are packaged in glass, porcelain or ceramic bottles with a capacity of not more than 65 ml with tightly ground stoppers made of glass or glass with a polyethylene coating or with screw caps (with a gasket) made of plastic or metal.

Colognes and fragrant waters are packaged in glass bottles with a capacity of not more than 250 ml. Bottles with shoulders are filled with perfume liquid to the level of the shoulders; vials without hangers should have an airspace of no more than 4% of the vial capacity.

The necks of bottles with ground stoppers should be trimmed with bodryush (a film of beef or mutton intestines), husky or transparent film; tied with a cantle, silk or viscose thread or ribbon.

Perfume products (colognes and fragrant waters) are also produced in aerosol packaging.

Perfume and cologne bottles may be presented in artistically designed cases or boxes, or they may be without cases or boxes. Such vials are wrapped in wrapping paper and placed in sewn-in or foldable packaging. carton boxes. Perfume sets are packed in separate packaging boxes as a set, and the bottles included in the sets of groups A and extra are pre-wrapped with paper.

An artistically designed label with an indication of the front side product name labels; on the reverse side - the name of the enterprise, its location or its trademark, month and year of production, retail price, designation of the standard, name of the product group.

When perfume products are produced in cases with bottles without labels, all markings are placed on the case.

The name of the product and the article number must be indicated on the paper adhesive tapes with which the boxes are pasted over by printing or stamping ink; the name of the enterprise and its location; the number of units of the product packed in boxes; date of production, brigade number; name of the product group; standard designation.

On boxes with perfumery goods, the name of the product and the article number must be indicated; the name of the manufacturer and its location or the name of the consignor; name of the consignee; the serial number of the box and the date of production; number of products in pieces; packer number; standard designation.

On the covers of the boxes there should be inscriptions: “Top”, “Do not throw!”, “Glass”.

In accordance with the ND, the filling of the bottle with perfume liquid is checked. The permissible deviation in volume should not exceed ± 5%.

The requirement for filling bottles with perfume liquid: bottles with hangers are filled to the level of the hangers, and bottles without hangers have an air space that occupies no more than 4% of the bottle's capacity; spray bottles are filled according to the volume indicated on the label.

Cases must be artistically designed, with a clear pattern, made bright colors. Decorative metallized pattern ("gold", "silver") should not darken and crumble during storage.

The label must be free of dirt, with a clear font, artistically designed and tightly, without distortions and wrinkles, pasted on the bottle. It is allowed to shift the label by no more than 2 mm while maintaining the presentation of the product. The color, size and design of the labels must comply with the approved samples.

Perfume bottles should not be exposed to direct sunlight during storage. Perfume liquids are stored in covered warehouses at temperatures from + 5 to + 25 °C.

The expiration date for each specific name of liquid perfume products is set by the manufacturer, and it is 3-5 years.

1.2. Cosmetic products.

1.2.1. History of cosmetics.

The history of cosmetology goes back to ancient times. Already primitive people tried to keep the body clean, to embellish their appearance. This is evidenced by the finds of archaeologists who explored the settlements of the ancients, and the works of ethnographers who studied the life of the tribes that have survived to our time. Body painting, tattoos, all kinds of balms were used in everyday life, and for various rituals and religious rites.

It is generally accepted that the birthplace of modern cosmetics is The Ancient East. Already in ancient Egypt, cosmetics were used quite widely. The art of making cosmetics owned mainly by priests. Wealthy people applied expensive methods improving appearance (both women and men were painted), using for this special substances, while the less wealthy used simple "folk" remedies. Caring for appearance was a matter of paramount importance for the Egyptians. In addition to the eyebrow pencil, they were well aware of lipstick, nail polish, hair dye, fragrant water and other attributes of the arsenal. modern woman. The caustic juice of some types of iris was used as a rouge (irritation of the skin by this juice caused redness, which persisted for a long time). In some cases, cosmetics had a preventive value. For example, eyeliner not only by women, but also by men prevented inflammation of the eyelids from the blinding sun and dry wind.

Ideal female beauty Ancient Egypt is considered the famous Nefertiti, the wife of Pharaoh Akhenaten. The natural beauty of a perfect face was nevertheless helped by cosmetics: skin care, makeup, jewelry are obvious. The drawing of the mouth, eyebrows, eyes was emphasized by makeup, the cheeks were also tinted. It is believed that she perfectly mastered the art of makeup.

From the 16th century BC e. methods of using powdered alabaster and honey as a cosmetic product, dye compositions for coloring the eyelids green, and their edges black, have come down to us. Lips and cheeks were painted with henna. The oldest lipstick was discovered during excavations of the Sumerian city of Ur (35 BC).

A special place in the history of cosmetology belongs to the cosmetics of Ancient India and Ancient China. In these countries, there was a real cult of female beauty, to maintain and improve which they used mascara, face white, and nail polish. In China, it was customary for children to paint their cheeks with red paint in the form of an apple, so that the Almighty, looking at the children, would be pleased, seeing that they were joyful and healthy. And here is what the Chinese sages said about the beauty of a woman: "It is better to admire a beauty in the morning toilet after she powders her face." And further: " Wise woman can change every day, never exhausting its wonderful transformations ... "

To blacken the eyes and eyebrows, Greek women used soot, adding juice of astringent herbs or soot to it, and fixed it with a mixture of egg white and light resin. Lips and cheeks were blushed with red lead, or finely ground powders and compounds that cause a rush of blood to the cheeks.

AT Ancient Rus' the women were full of make-up. Yes, so that they seemed just painted with a brush. AT cosmetic purposes, as in all other countries, mainly herbal remedies were used, the properties of which the pagans knew perfectly well. For example, for blush and lipstick, they used raspberry juice, cherries, rubbed their cheeks with beets. To give the skin whiteness, wheat flour or chalk was taken. Plants were also used to dye hair, for example, hair was dyed with onion peel. Brown color, saffron with chamomile - in white-yellow. Scarlet paint was obtained from barberry, raspberry - from young leaves of an apple tree, green - from onion feathers, nettle leaves, yellow - from saffron leaves, sorrel and alder bark, etc.

The first "Encyclopedia of Beauty" was published in Paris in 1806, it contained advice on how to make the skin more beautiful.

Late 19th - early 20th centuries characterized by intensive development of cosmetic production. A feature of this period is the cult natural materials and at the same time the use of substances obtained by chemical means. In addition, the requirements for cosmetics have changed, its range has expanded.

Nowadays, the main rule in the use of cosmetics is the use of high-quality cosmetics, provided that they are harmless to the skin and body.

1.2.2. Technology for the production of cosmetic products.

Raw materials for cosmetic products are divided into main and auxiliary.

The main raw materials include: fat products, structure-forming, emulsifying, gelling, film-forming substances, fillers, surfactants, preservatives, etc.

· Fat raw material- fats, oils and fatty components - nourish the skin, soften it, maintain elasticity, compensate for the loss of sebum when washing, adverse factors, with insufficient activity sebaceous glands. The most commonly used in cosmetics are olive, cottonseed, corn, castor, grape oil, which are introduced into the recipe depending on the intended properties.

Kinds vegetable oils most commonly used in cosmetics

Name	Characteristic	Action
olive	Contains up to 83% oleic acid, up to 10% linoleic acid, up to 10% unsaturated fatty acids	Has good medicinal properties especially useful for irritated, dry skin.
Grape	High bioactivity due to the presence of a powerful antioxidant proanthocyanidin	Binds free radicals in cells, slowing down the aging process of cells.
Sesame	Extremely rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids, light in structure	Natural sunscreen
soybean	One of the fattest and most nutritious in nature, contains unsaturated fatty acids	Used to make creams for dry and normal skin
castor	Contains fatty acids, a balanced composition of vitamins	It is used to soften the skin, remove dandruff, treat burns, wounds.
coconut	Contains a balanced composition of vitamins A, E, group B and trace elements.	Has a unique penetrating ability
	By chemical nature, it is a liquid wax	Natural skin moisturizer and sunscreen.
Muscat rose	Refers to vegetable oils with the highest content of polysaturated acids	Tissue regeneration, included in anti-aging creams

Fat-like substances - ceramides and phospholipids - deserve special attention. They are built on the model of skin lipids and are synthesized from plant materials, give the skin elasticity, and have a tonic effect.

· Waxes. In terms of its physical characteristics, partly in its chemical structure, wax is related to fats. In the production of cosmetics, it has found wide application, as it forms emulsions, helps to create the structure of cosmetics, and gives them shine. There are vegetable, animal and synthetic waxes. Mostly animals are used in cosmetics - beeswax, lanolin, spermaceti.

¨ Beeswax - non-greasy to the touch, solid yellow or white color with a pleasant honey scent. It forms homogeneous alloys with fats, increases the melting point of the mixture. Wax softens the skin well, makes it velvety.

¨ Lanolin - a product of processing sheep wool fat. This is a product of a combination of fatty acid glycerides with monohydric alcohols - cholesterol, etc. Therefore, it is often referred to as fat-like substances. Lanolin has a light yellow color, a slight specific odor, and an ointment-like consistency. It is used in almost all types of cosmetics: creams, powders, lip pencils, etc. Lanolin gives the skin elasticity and firmness.

¨ Spermaceti obtained by freezing the oily mass that fills the cranial cavity and other parts of the sperm whale, followed by separation by pressing the solid product - spermaceti from the liquid part - spermaceti oil. Purified spermaceti is a white transparent crystalline plate with a pearly sheen and greasy to the touch, has a slight odor and almost no taste. It consists mainly of cetin (palmitic ester of cetyl alcohol). In addition, it contains esters of stearic, lauric acids and monohydric aliphatic alcohols (wax alcohols). Spermaceti is the most important component of creams, lipsticks. It contributes to obtaining a light smear.

Of vegetable origin waxes, mainly rose wax, wax purified from lavender waste, coniferous, carnauba and candelilla wax are used.

· Emulsifiers. Emulsifiers are substances that promote the formation of stable emulsions. These components largely determine the quality of creams - their stability, consistency, uniformity of structure. At present, the development of the production of emulsion creams, as the most advanced types of creams for skin nutrition, has led to the emergence of new emulsifiers based on esters of fatty acids and sugars (pentol, sorbitanomat, etc.). Gelling and film-forming substances. Used for the preparation of cosmetic gels. As gelling agents are used:

¨ agar-agar - obtained from a gelatinized decoction of the White Sea and Far Eastern algae;

¨ tragacanth - gum that flows from incisions on the trunk and roots various kinds shrubs;

¨ gelatin - the highest grades of animal glue;

¨ natural resins and modified natural polymers are used in the production of hair and nail polishes as film formers.

· Alcohols. In the cosmetic industry, alcohols are used as solvents and as a component of liquid preparations. This is due to the ability of alcohols to give clear solutions that have refreshing, disinfecting properties and an odor that is in harmony with most fragrances. Glycerin, cetyl, ethyl and other alcohols are used.

¨ Glycerol - colorless, transparent syrupy sweet liquid. It is a by-product of soap production. Glycerin dissolves well in water, does not dry out for a long time and does not freeze, prevents the development of bacteria and fungi. It is used as a water-glycerin solution in the manufacture of hand creams (fragrant glycerin), as well as in the form of additives to cosmetic liquids and toothpastes to protect them from drying out, freezing, spoilage.

· Acids. organic acids have great importance in the cosmetic industry and are used in various concentrations. Acids compensate for insufficient acidity of the skin, increase and then reduce the secretion of skin glands; neutralize alkaline reaction sweat, help to reduce pores, whiten the skin, destroy freckles. So, benzoic acid, used as an antiseptic, promotes exfoliation of keratinized (dead) cells of the epidermis, so it is used to remove freckles and age spots. Boric, salicylic, lactic, citric and other acids are widely used. Thioglycolic acid is used in preparations for perm hair, as it destroys the keratin that underlies the curl.

· Hydrocarbons. The range of hydrocarbons used in the composition of cosmetic products is small (paraffin, perfume oil, ceresin), but their role is very significant. Most often, these products are used to create a fatty film that is not absorbed into the skin, providing a “sliding” effect in massage and baby creams, and as structure-forming components.

· Abrasives and fillers. These include a group of solid powdery substances of predominantly mineral origin. Abrasive substances serve as the basis for the preparation of toothpastes, scrubs. Fillers are used to prepare powder, lipsticks, and are also used in the composition cosmetic creams.

· preservatives. The main purpose of introducing preservatives is to protect the cosmetic product from microbiological degradation. When you open a package with a cosmetic product, bacteria enter the contents, and in direct proportion to the diameter of the hole. Of particular danger is threatening drugs with a large amount aquatic environment, with the content of protein, lipid components, natural extracts. When using certain preservatives, many requirements are imposed on them, the main thing is harmlessness to humans and effectiveness of action. However, any preservative with increasing effectiveness can cause an allergic skin reaction (swelling, irritation, rash, burning) in humans, and this phenomenon is a serious problem for consumers and cosmetic companies. Therefore, work is underway to achieve optimal ratio between the effectiveness and safety of the preservative, optimal concentrations and combinations of different preservatives.

· Essential oils. The psychological effect of herbal aromatic substances can relieve fatigue, depression, improve memory, and normalize sleep. Essential oils are used for aromatherapy. Aromatic compositions have only recently appeared on store shelves, but have already proven themselves on the good side.

· resins. Resins - complex mixtures various organic compounds. A large amount of resins contains tropical plants, conifers, birch buds. In general, resins have a pronounced bactericidal and anti-rotten effect.

· Polysaccharides. Polysaccharides - carbohydrate plant polymers, consisting of sugars in various combinations. Polysaccharides form an intercellular substance that is building material for cells and tissues. They perform the functions of structuring, moisture saving, energy reserve and colloidal stabilization.

· Macro- and microelements. Macro- and microelements are involved in the metabolic processes of the body, are part of the protoplasm of cells, and are present in intercellular fluids. Each element has its own properties. For example, iron, manganese, copper, cobalt are involved in the processes of hematopoiesis, zinc - in immune reactions, silver has an antiseptic effect, zirconium stimulates the growth and development of tissues.

· Tannins. Tannins - used as an anti-inflammatory, astringent, hemostatic, bactericidal agent. Contained in plants of almost all classes.

· vitamins. Vitamins are biologically active low molecular weight organic compounds that are vital for the body. They perform specific functions and are needed in very small quantities. Vegetable raw materials contain a balanced complex of vitamins. More than twenty natural vitamins are known, many of which are found in plants.

1.2.3. Consumer properties of cosmetic products.

Cosmetic products give beautiful appearance and healthy condition of the skin and hair and therefore have great hygienic, aesthetic and psychological significance. They cleanse, moisturize, nourish, strengthen, protect against adverse environmental factors, and eliminate inflammatory processes. Consumer properties of cosmetics in general can be divided into the following main groups:

· Functional Properties , which determine the effectiveness of the action of the agent, are most important for the consumer. Depending on the purpose of cosmetic products, the functions performed by them have features: for example, for shampoos - this is a washing, foaming ability, for deodorants - sweat elimination, for nail polish - drying, for decorative cosmetics - color, etc. The most important functional properties of cosmetic funds are:

¨ Cleansing ability, which is characterized by washing ability (for soaps and gels), cleansing effect (for milk, lotions), tonic ability (for tonics), exfoliating ability (scrubs that remove keratinized scales from the skin surface and promote deeper cleaning).

¨ Cosmetic properties, are manifested through the external visible effect of improving the condition of the skin and hair, due to moisturizing, nourishing, regenerating, improving metabolic processes in the skin, as a result of which the firmness and elasticity of the skin increases, its color improves, wrinkles are smoothed.

¨ Protective properties provided by sunscreen additives, additives that provide a protective aging factor (tanning products), additives that provide protection against low temperatures(creams intended for use in the cold season).

¨ Therapeutic and prophylactic properties, have an antiseptic effect (foot care products, antiperspirants), a cleansing and degreasing effect (remedies for acne), anti-seborrheic effect (medicated hair shampoos).

¨ Special properties include skin whitening, the ability to shrink pores (deodorants-perspirants), depilation (removal of hair by chemical or mechanical means).

· Ergonomic properties , satisfy the physiological and psychological needs in accordance with certain characteristics of consumers. They characterize the ability of the product to create a feeling of convenience and comfort. Ergonomic properties of beauty products are determined by consistency; packaging; devices that facilitate the use of cosmetic products, etc.

· Reliability cosmetic products is primarily related to their shelf life and is determined by the expiration date. A longer shelf life of cosmetics should cause careful attention to its composition, and above all to the type and amount of preservative. When using new, higher quality preservatives, the shelf life increases, therefore, in the production of cosmetics, the practice of establishing the shelf life by the manufacturer himself, which comes from the formulation of the product, has developed.

· Aesthetic properties cosmetic products are designed to satisfy the aesthetic needs of a person. The indicators of these properties are appearance, color, smell, package design, information content of the package, style orientation. The corporate style, which determines the image of the company and its products, is especially evident in the decoration of the packaging. Domestic manufacturers pay great attention creating their own corporate identity and achieved great success in this direction, for example, the products of Neva Cosmetics, Green Mama, Grima are easily recognizable by a single design that is unique to them.

· Safety cosmetic products depends on the composition, quality of the original components, the technological process of obtaining, storage and sale conditions, consumption conditions. At each stage of the life cycle, certain processes can occur in cosmetic products that cause changes that are dangerous to human health. Therefore, to check the safety of cosmetic products, a set of tests is carried out.

1.2.4. Classification and range of cosmetic products .

The main features of the classification of cosmetic products include:

· Functional action:

¨ hygienic

¨ cosmetic

¨ decorative

¨ protective

¨ therapeutic and prophylactic

¨ special

· Consistency:

¨ emulsion

¨ jelly-like

¨ greasy

¨ waxy

¨ powdered

· Skin type, hair:

¨ for dry skin (hair)

¨ for normal skin (hair)

¨ for oily skin (hair)

¨ others (depending on funds)

· Gender trait:

for men

for women

for kids

· Purpose:

¨ skin care products

¨ hair care products

decorative cosmetics

Classification of the range of skin care products

1. Hygiene products(cleansing): cleaning the skin consists in removing its impurities and separating the upper stratum corneum. This group includes: scrubs (for deep cleaning), creams and cleansing masks (to remove impurities from the surface of the skin), lotions and tonics, facial cleansers, bath foams, shower gels, liquids and toilet soaps.

2. Cosmetics(to give beautiful view skin by care - moisturizing, nutrition), taking into account their intended use:

¨ facial skin care products (creams, creams, gels, masks, depending on skin type and the time of their application). From cosmetics for men: creams and lotions before and after shaving, gels and aftershave balms;

¨ body skin care products: as a rule, moisturizing action, light creams of the emulsion type, milk, lotions;

¨ means for skin care around the eyes: creams and gels, have a softening and moisturizing effect, relieve swelling, give the skin elasticity;

¨ lip care products: creams, balms, hygienic lipsticks, elixirs, designed to nourish, soften and protect;

¨ hand skin care products: creams, lotions, balms;

¨ foot skin care products: lotions, creams, balms, gels, milk, foot baths.

3. Protective equipment:

¨ sunscreen: lotions, tanning milk, contain substances that are UV filters

¨ protecting from the harmful effects of environmental factors: oily creams, vaseline, oils.

4. Therapeutic and prophylactic agents, have a preventive, soothing function, are recommended for increased sweating, acne, dandruff, etc.: deodorants, antiperspirants; bath salts; creams and oils for strengthening and growth of nails; soaps, creams, lotions for acne; shampoos and balms for dandruff.

5. Special tools: massage creams, depilatories, whitening creams, etc.

Classification of the range of hair and scalp care products

Means for hair and scalp care according to their functional purpose are divided into the following groups:

¨ scalp care products: creams, balms, masks, nourishing oils, stimulating metabolic processes in the scalp, as well as lotions that tonic, regulate the functions of the sebaceous glands;

¨ shampoo and hair care products, depending on the type of hair and gender and age: shampoos, conditioners, balms, conditioners;

¨ hair coloring products :

Depending on the origin: natural (henna, basma) and chemical;

Paint durability:

¨ unstable (washed off after the first wash) - mascara, varnishes, tint foams;

¨ relatively persistent (washed off after 6-8 washing procedures) - tint paints, shampoos, balms;

¨ resistant - paints.

¨ a separate group is made up of hair bleaching products - paints for blonding (lightening) and highlighting hair (coloring thin strands);

· hair styling and styling products. Designed for styling, modeling, increasing volume, fixing hairstyles: mousses, foams, gels, waxes, sprays, varnishes.

Characteristics of the range of decorative cosmetics

The range of decorative cosmetics is divided into four groups depending on the intended use (appointment):

1) face products

2) lip products

3) eye products

4) means for nails.

Decorative cosmetics for face

The background on which the eyes and lips are emphasized is the basis of all makeup. Depending on the condition and type of skin, problems may arise when using powder or foundation for makeup. Therefore, makeup begins with the selection of a cosmetic product, which is called "make-up base" and is used in order to:

make the skin of the face smooth, even, hide minor imperfections;

Moisturize the skin and create conditions for applying powder, foundation, blush;

Protect the skin from the adverse effects of the environment and decorative cosmetics containing dyes.

When selecting basics it should be borne in mind that its assortment differs in skin type, consistency, shade and situation of use (for daily and evening make-up).

By consistency distinguish the basics:

Liquid - light, suitable for any type of skin, except for very dry, and for any age;

Cream - for dry and already elderly skin;

Firm - compact, contains powder, for all skin types except very dry.

By shade bases range from pink to dark yellow. The so-called additional bases, which serve to correct the shape of the face, have colors unusual for the skin: green, lavender, white. An additional base is applied under a layer of a regular base, thereby giving it a shade. So, the white base is suitable for evening makeup and gives it a special tone. Determine the color of the foundation in natural light, applying a little product to the chin line. In this case, special attention should be paid to how the color is combined with the skin of the face and neck. The base is applied to the moistened skin of the face, neck, décolleté with a cosmetic sponge (and not fingers), first pointwise, and then rubbed.

The final touch of makeup - application to the skin powder and rouge .

The main decorative purpose of the powder is to give the skin color and dullness, which is achieved by introducing pigments into its composition.

Foundation creams have the basis of conventional emulsion creams for any skin, but pigments (5 - 10%) are introduced into them. Therefore, the range foundation creams usually subdivided by shade alone, such as "natural matte".

Cream powder contains more pigments (up to 30%), therefore it has a thicker consistency. When applied to the skin with a dry sponge, it gives a powder-like effect, and when applied with a damp sponge, it acts like a foundation.

Masking cream used for the skin under the eyes and masking minor defects. Such company products are produced in the form of series, for example, series developed by L`Oreal and Maybelline.

Concealer Pencils have a thicker consistency. They have a high hiding power and therefore mask redness and skin imperfections. They may contain bactericidal components (masking pencils of the Lumene-ClearJine series - with antiseptic action).

Compact (pressed) powder differs from powdered in that when pressed, the pigment particles stick together tightly and, as a result, lie on the skin in a thicker layer. To improve compaction, a binder is added to the compact powder, which should not be much, otherwise the powder becomes hard.

Blush produced in two varieties: solid(powdered, compact) and creamy(fat-based). In composition, the former are similar to dry eyeshadows and powders, the latter to creams and masking pencils. Blush varies in shade. The range of solid ("dry") blush is wider, they are more popular than fat-based blush. As a rule, blush is included in cosmetic sets with powder or eye shadow.

Decorative cosmetics for lips

basis good makeup lips is their well-groomed skin without cracks and exfoliation. That's why everything modern facilities make-up, as well as lip skin care products, contain vitamins, moisturizers and sunscreens. Make-up of the lips is preceded by their cleansing - with non-alcoholic lotion and cosmetic milk, if resistant lipstick was used before. Lip makeup is performed by three types of cosmetics:

1) contour pencil;

2) lip gloss;

3) lipstick.

Range lipsticks varied in color (tone), which is indicated by the tone number. Large firms produce several tens of tones. So, the Lumene series of the Noiro company, popular in Russia, includes 54 tones. The choice of color depends on age, specific situation (day or evening makeup), fashion trends. Lipsticks are divided into sustainable(leaving no traces of touch) and ordinary(soft, moisturizing, etc.). Persistence of lipstick is given not only by waxes, but also by liquid paraffin, silicones. Sometimes on the labeling of resistant lipsticks there is a clarification - “kissproof” (kiss-resistant, super-resistant), which refers more to advertising than to the features of the lipstick. Sustainable lipsticks are produced by MaxFactor, L`Oreal, Noiro, Lancome and many others. The peculiarity of the use of resistant lipsticks is that after application they must be fixed, for which you should not compress your lips for 1 - 2 minutes.

Moisturizing lipsticks are the least resistant, so it is recommended to use them with a contour pencil and not to apply during sports and on the beach. To increase the stability of ordinary lipstick, it is applied twice, after the first layer of lipstick, the lips are powdered, and the excess of the second layer is removed with a napkin.

Lip gloss- This is a cosmetic product for light lip makeup, it occupies an intermediate position between hygienic and lipstick. Sometimes the name indicates "lipstick-shine." Gloss is often applied to the lips with a brush - applicator. This cosmetic product is intended to protect lips, care for them, improve them natural color(natural make-up), instead of lipsticks to create a light summer make-up. For evening make-up, gloss is applied to lipstick.

Lip gloss is produced in one color or several shades (from 2 to 10), it may include mother-of-pearl additives or light-reflecting pigments, thanks to which the lips seem to glow. In addition, lip gloss can vary in the smell and color of the jelly-like mass.

With natural or light make-up, gloss is used together with a contour pencil. Combined with lipstick contour pencil increases the durability of lip makeup. It is matched to the color of lipstick or a little darker or lighter, which is now fashionable. Previously, it was customary to apply a contour pencil before lipstick. Now makeup artists have come to the conclusion that first you need to apply lipstick, and then contour, so the lips look much more natural. Lip liner pencils come in two types - in the form of a regular pencil in a wooden shell and in a plastic shell with a retractable rod.

Decorative eye products

In decorative cosmetics, eye makeup is of paramount importance. Today, almost 80% of young women in Europe prefer to wear eye make-up only. Therefore, cosmetics manufacturers pay great attention to this group. To create a neat and stable eye makeup, you should start by applying it to the eyelids. base creams for the eyelids, which are powdered on top, only after that they use eye shadow. Not all companies produce the base cream; it is included, for example, in the Lumene series. depending from eyeshadow makeup they are produced on a fat basis (similar in composition to lipstick) and solid, they are produced only in compact ones (similar in composition to compact powder). The stability of makeup when using shadows on a fat basis is low, so they are almost never released now. The range of eyeshadows is divided into colors, shades and number of shades per pack (1-, 2-, 3- and 4-color) and sets . According to the type of surface being created shadows are divided into matte, shiny and mother-of-pearl. The choice in this case is determined by the direction of fashion and the tastes of the consumer. The eyeshadow package includes an applicator.

To emphasize or change the shape of the eyes, tools such as eyeliner, eyeliner and eyebrow pencil.

Eyeliners and eyebrows differ only in color, and the colors of eyeliners are more diverse.

Mechanical eyeliner- a tool similar to an eyeliner, but the eyeliner rod extends automatically and sharpens at the same time. This is a more convenient tool compared to a traditional pencil.

Liquid eyeliner - a new cosmetic product that allows you to very carefully emphasize the shape of the eyes, and without pressure on the delicate skin of the eyelids. As a rule, useful additives are included in the liquid eyeliner. This is the most expensive cosmetic product.

After eye shadow and pencil, the most important cosmetic product for the eyes is ink. Makeup, even sophisticated Sámi, will not be complete without carefully tinted eyelashes. Mascara is presented in a fairly wide range (Table 3).

hard ink with a brush is now practically not released, tk. she is obsolete. The modern range is represented by creamy mascara. Water resistance of mascara means that it does not form streaks when washed off with water, in the rain, but does not characterize its resistance to sweat and tears. On oily skin, mascara can also be smudged. It's difficult to remove it. When choosing a mascara, you should take into account the shape, size, density of the eyelashes and select a tool that will eliminate the imperfections. To ensure safety, the product must be tightly closed, applicators and brushes should be washed periodically, especially when using mascara with a spare can.

Decorative nail products

The range of this group is represented by varnishes of a wide variety of shades and aids – diluents and lacquer thinners, base, fixative, fast drying agent and cuticle remover .

Varnish - it is a solution of a film-forming polymer, including a plasticizer and a dye, in an organic solvent. Classic manicure performed in several layers.

Bottom varnish (base)- This is usually a shiny varnish without dye or pigment. It forms a smooth lacquer surface on the nail, which is applied colored varnish, and as a result, the varnish holds better. In addition, it is assumed that the base should prevent the possible harmful effects of the coloring matter on the nail.

Top varnish (fixer) is a shiny hard and durable varnish, which should increase the durability of nail polish. Base for varnish and fixer can be produced in one bottle. The most diverse range of colored nail polishes. Typically, firms produce gamma in color - up to 70 shades, from light to dark. Ultra series - luminescent colors of the youth direction; they should only be used with a base, as they can leave on the nails yellow spots. Firm «IntopS.L.» produces chameleon varnish, the color of which changes in the sun; This is a variant of youth club make-up.

There are a number of varnishes with the characteristic "quick-drying". These are varnishes, the drying time of which is 1 - 2 minutes, and the remaining varnishes - more than 2 and 10 minutes. Such lacquers can be coated with a quick drying agent such as Sally Hansen.

Manicure problem nails involves the use of not an ordinary, but a moisturizing base (MaryKay company), or a strengthening complex for nail care (Lumene series). Complete nail makeup lacquer fixers, eg Nivea series, or protective varnish. The fixer is used after applying the varnish - it contributes to its drying, or used separately, instead of varnish. Protective varnish applied to the color immediately after applying the varnish and the next 2-3 days, which increases the durability of the color varnish up to two weeks.

Nail polish remover must be active enough to dissolve the nitrocellulose and synthetic resins contained in the varnish, which do not dissolve well. Acetone, which used to be the basis of all nail polish removers, does an excellent job with this. However, together with varnish, it removes fatty components. nail plate which makes it very brittle. In addition, acetone is poorly preserved, volatilizing even from a closed vial. Acetone is widely used today, however, the basis is more modern drugs make up various esters: ethyl-, butyl-, amyl acetate or mixtures thereof, as well as toluene and some alcohols. They affect the nail plate to a lesser extent. However, they still degrease it, so emollients (fat additives, waxes, etc.) are added to the nail polish remover.

For removing varnish from especially brittle and sensitive nails developed creams and emulsions, in which waxes and fats are introduced in much larger quantities. Creams are recommended for brittle, exfoliating nails. They are a water-in-oil emulsion. Creams contain moisture-retaining (propylene glycol), firming ingredients, such as low molecular weight keratin derivatives, allantoin and a vitamin complex. All this helps the nails to compensate for the loss of fats and moisture, maintain shine and elasticity, and become more durable. Formaldehyde is added to creams designed for very soft nails.

Film mask released as a liquid. It is a nutrient concentrate with a gelling agent. This liquid quickly hardens and forms a strong film, which must be removed after a few hours. Active substances and a complex of vitamins contribute to the regeneration of the nail plate, restoring its structure.

Cuticle removers contain thio derivatives glycolic acid capable of dissolving the keratin of the stratum corneum. To perform their function, an alkaline environment (pH 9 and above) is required, therefore, solutions of sodium and potassium hydroxides form the basis of cuticle removers. This method of cuticle removal has advantages over the traditional mechanical method, because he is bloodless. With a traditional manicure, nippers can damage the growth zone of the nail. However, the content of potent substances in preparations for removing the cuticle is also unsafe, therefore, it is necessary to strictly follow the instructions for their use.

1.2.5. Packaging and Labeling of cosmetic products.

Marking perfumery and cosmetic products should be carried out in accordance with the requirements of GOST R 51391-99, entered into force on January 1, 2001, and apply to domestic and imported products.

The requirements for marking GOST 27429-87 and GOST 28303-89 remain valid.

Cosmetic products are labeled with mandatory information: product name, location of the manufacturer, trademark, volume or weight, composition, storage conditions, expiration date, date of manufacture, designation of a standard or other regulatory document, certification information, information with a warning or effective application.

Package cosmetic products should protect the product from adverse effects, from quantitative and qualitative losses. Metal aerosol cans, tubes, glass bottles, jars, plastic bags, bottles, etc. are used as packaging. Environmentally friendly materials are used for packaging.

Storage. General terms storage of most cosmetic products involves a temperature of 0 to 25 ° C, placement in the manufacturer's packaging in hidden, well-ventilated warehouses. During storage, they should not be directly exposed to sunlight and be located near heating devices. Some products require special storage conditions or the creation of a certain humidity. During storage, boxes with cosmetic products are stacked in stacks no more than 2 m high, packs and boxes no more than 1.5 m on pallets and no more than 2 m on pallets. Between the rows there should be passages for air circulation. Fluctuations in relative humidity are not grounds for rejection. Sanitary and hygienic requirements for the storage of cosmetic products are similar to those for other products. They include sanitary and hygienic processing of storage facilities, the purpose of which is cleanliness and the absence of microbiological and biological contamination. Cosmetic products are transported by all means of transport in covered vehicles and universal containers in accordance with the rules of transportation.

2. Examination of quality.

2.1. Examination of the quality of perfumery products.

· Organoleptic characteristics of eau de parfum.

Perfume liquids must comply with the requirements of GOST R 5158-2000 “Liquid perfume products. General technical conditions".

To check the quality of perfume liquids in terms of organoleptic and physico-chemical parameters, from the previously selected packaging units (3% of units for assessing the quality of packaging and labeling), a random sample is made: from a batch of up to 1000 pieces - at least 6 product packages; from a lot of more than 1000 pieces - at least 5 pieces of packages from each 1000 pieces

Organoleptic indicators of perfume liquids are appearance, color and smell.

In appearance, perfumery products should be homogeneous transparent liquids with a color and smell characteristic of this name. A product that is reliably known to be not falsified should be used as a standard for comparison.

Determination of appearance and color. The appearance and color of perfume liquids packed in transparent bottles are determined by viewing the bottles with liquid in transmitted or reflected daylight or the light of an electric lamp after turning the bottle upside down two to three times.

Appearance and color Perfumery liquids packed in opaque bottles are determined by viewing a sample in an amount of about 20-30 cm in a beaker against a sheet of white paper in transmitted or reflected daylight or the light of an electric lamp.

Layering of perfume liquid, i.e. separation of the oily phase in the form of sediment or suspension, as well as the presence of foreign inclusions, turbidity is not allowed. However, the presence of single fibers is not a rejection factor.

Color discrepancy with the reference sample is not allowed.

Definition of smell. The smell of perfume liquids is determined by the organoleptic method using a strip of thick paper measuring 10x160 mm, moistened approximately 30 mm by immersion in the analyzed liquid.

The smell is checked periodically for 15 minutes. Odor non-compliance with the reference sample is not allowed.

Determination of odor persistence. Persistence of the smell of perfume liquids is determined in case of disagreement in assessing the quality of the product.

The odor resistance of perfume liquids is determined organoleptically during the study and then every 10 hours.

Definition of transparency. It is known that when the perfume liquid is cooled below the critical temperature, it may become cloudy and lose transparency. Such a temperature point for fragrant waters and colognes is + 5 ° C, for other liquids + 3 ° C. Pour 10-20 cm 3 of perfume liquid into a test tube using a measuring cylinder. The test tube is closed with a stopper into which a thermometer is inserted (the thermometer ball must be completely immersed in the test liquid). A test tube with perfume liquid is cooled with a mixture of ice and salt to a temperature of 5 ° C when analyzing colognes and fragrant waters and to 3 ° C for other groups of perfume liquids, then it is removed from the cooling mixture, shaken and viewed in transmitted daylight or the light of an electric lamp.

Turbidity of perfume liquid is not allowed. The cause of turbidity may be a violation of manufacturing technology, a change in the formulation, a decrease in the strength of the liquid.

· Physical and chemical indicators of perfumery water

Determination of the volume fraction of ethyl alcohol. The volume fraction of ethyl alcohol in a perfume liquid is determined by gas chromatography, followed by recalculation according to alcoholometric tables

Determination of the sum of mass fractions of fragrant substances. The mass fraction of fragrant substances in perfume liquids is determined by gas chromatography, gravimetric method and volumetric method according to GOST R 51578-2000.

Determination of the sum of mass fractions of fragrant substances (up to 5%) in colognes, toilet and fragrant waters is carried out using volumetric method. This method is based on the extraction of aromatic substances from perfume liquids with toluene or xylene.

The sum of the mass fractions of fragrant substances (X) is calculated by the formula

where V is the volume of toluene or xylene extract, cm; V 1 - volume of toluene or xylene, cm; V 2 - volume of perfume liquid, cm; d / d 1 - the ratio of the density of the composition to the density of the perfume liquid is taken equal to one.

The arithmetic mean of the results of two parallel measurements is taken as the final test result, the allowable discrepancy between which should not exceed 0.5%.

2.2. Examination of the quality of cosmetic products.

This is a procedure for establishing the conformity of a particular product with a sample and description, i.e. the information declared about it and the basic requirements for this type of product.

Compliance of the goods with the declared information in accordance with the Civil Code of the Russian Federation and the Law of the Russian Federation "On the Protection of Consumer Rights" is a mandatory requirement for the manufacturer and seller of the goods. Identification is the procedure that confirms this conformity.

Identification of cosmetic products is carried out for the purpose of certification, detection of counterfeit products in the course of procurement, quality control and assessment, in the examination of low-quality products, and in a number of other cases.

Since the conformity of the goods with the declared information is a mandatory requirement, the identification procedure is very milestone general assessment of the goods and is carried out according to all declared characteristics, including the name, and, as a rule, in three stages

Consider the sequence and methodology for conducting preliminary identification. It starts with an inspection of the product packaging. Often this is enough to determine that the product was not manufactured by the manufacturer indicated on the label. The use of thin, deformed, low-quality cardboard for packaging, fuzzy printing design, poor fixing of the box with the contents are signs of poor product quality or a sign of product falsification.

Next, they inspect the container in which the cosmetic product is packaged. Vials and jars should not have defects; their surface may be shiny or matte, but the lid should close well.

In aerosol containers, with the valve closed, there should be no leakage of the contents; valve must be operational. Deformation of the aerosol package is not allowed.

Next, they study the marking on the bottle box, tube, etc., its compliance with the information on the carton and the data of the accompanying documents, if any. These data are compared by an analytical method and the product is identified according to the main marking data: manufacturer, date of manufacture, product name, etc.

Identification is divided into:

Identification of the manufacturer;

Identification by release date or period until which the product can be used;

Identification for compliance with ND;

Identification for compliance with the name and main functional properties.

Quality control of cosmetic products:

Acceptance of goods from the manufacturer (supplier) involves, as a rule, quality control by the trading organization in accordance with the contract or special conditions supplies. It is carried out both in wholesale and retail organizations in preparation for sale.

Quality control is carried out selectively, as a rule, up to 3% of the batch is selected. At negative results double check again. In case of disagreement during quality control, the recipient, in the presence of an expert, selects 6-12 units of a cosmetic product. This quantity is divided into 3 equal parts, which are sealed and a label is attached to them with full information about the product. The recipient keeps one sample with a seal, sends the second to the manufacturer, and the third - for an independent examination to confirm the non-compliance of the goods with the requirements normative documents and establishing their causes.

All defects in the appearance of cosmetic products are divided into shortcomings of the product itself, packaging, packaging and labeling. The list of defects in cosmetic products is determined by their type and consistency. Packaging defects are most often the result of underfilling or inconsistency in mass with labeling data. It should be noted that not all defects visible and detected during quality control are normalized by standards.

Certification of cosmetic products:

A civilized market is inconceivable without certification of products, works and services. Translated from Latin, "certificate" means "done right." In the modern sense, certification is a procedure for confirming compliance.

One of the goals of certification is to confirm the safety of products for the life and health of the population. Mandatory certification of perfumery and cosmetic products was introduced in 1994. Now almost all cosmetic products are included in the list of the Nomenclature of products and services, in respect of which the legislative acts of the Russian Federation provide for their mandatory certification, which was put into effect on October 1, 1998 by a resolution of the State Standard of the Russian Federation dated February 23 1998 No. 5.

Cosmetic products are potentially hazardous to public health, because is a multicomponent composition of natural, chemical, biologically active and other substances and is intended for application to various external parts of the human body.

Certification is carried out by certification bodies accredited by the State Standard of Russia in accordance with the established procedure and having a license for the specified activity.

Experts of the certification body must be certified by the State Standard of the Russian Federation. The main requirement for experts is competence, experience in the field of quality and safety assessment of cosmetic products, as well as experience in the field of certification.

Certification rules establish a certain sequence of tests. First - chemical and microbiological tests.

Particular attention is paid to testing in practical conditions. To do this, for example, lipsticks are studied by their effect on the mucous membrane of the lips.

For forecasting possible danger products for humans with their long-term use, they study the effect of the product on the body of animals for 3-10 weeks.

An important indicator that characterizes the possibility of penetration of cosmetic products through intact skin, followed by an assessment of the general toxic effect, is the determination of the skin-resorptive effect. These studies are carried out on white mice and rats by immersing the tail in the test preparation and studying the subsequent reaction, which reflects the general toxic effect. If the substance is absorbed through intact skin and has a negative effect on the body, it has a skin-resorptive effect, which is not allowed for cosmetics.

Be sure to study the irritating and allergic effects of all cosmetics.

All these methods of research on animals are very long, and most importantly inhumane. Therefore, in the future it is planned to ban the testing of cosmetics on animals. An alternative science-based method is currently being searched for, which should provide equivalent high level product safety assessments.

3. Practical work.

3.1. Examination of the quality of shampoo.

1. Name: "Shamtu".

2. For normal hair.

3. Manufacturer: Capella LLC, Russia, 606000, Nizhny Novgorod region, Dzerzhinsk, 5 km Avtozavodskoe shosse, 1.

4. Expiration date: September 2010, 3 years from the date of manufacture

5. Ingredients: Aqua, Ammonium Laureth Sulfate, Ammonium Lauryl Sulfate, Sodium Chloride, Glycol Disterate, Citric Acid, Sodium Citrate, Cocamide MEA, Dimethicone, Parfum, Sodium Benzoate, Disodium EDTA, Propylene Glycol.

6. Volume: 380 ml.

7. TU-9158-002-18083417-2004. This product has a mandatory certification.

8. Bar code: 500174647839

5+0+7+6+7+3=28

0 + 1+4+4+8=17

9. Organoleptic evaluation:

1. Packaging - hermetically sealed, clear marking.

2. Packing form - bubble.

3. Consistency - homogeneous, thick liquid.

4. Color - white.

5. Smell - characteristic of the name - fruity

10.Conclusion:

3.2. Examination of the quality of compact powder.

1. Name: "ART VISAGE"

2. For oily and combination skin.

3. Manufacturer: LLC "AV Tower", Russia, 141595, Moscow region, Solnechnogorsk district, village Esipovo, PSB LLC "Recon".

4. Expiry date: valid until 06.2013.

5. Ingredients: Talc, Mica, Nylon-12, Zinc Stearate, Cyclomethicone, Isononyl, Isononanoate, Tocopheryl Acetate, Methylparaben, Propylparaben, Gingko Biloba Extract, Parfum. May contain CI 77891, 77491, 77499.

6. Net weight: 10g.

7. This product has a mandatory certification. GOST R 52344-2005.

8. Bar code: 4607134685095

6+7+3+6+5+9=36

4+0+1+4+8+0=17

This product is not counterfeit.

9. Organoleptic evaluation:

2. The shape of the powder box is round.

3. Consistency - in the form of an attached powder.

4. Color - light beige.

5. Smell - peculiar, pleasant.

10.Conclusion: This product is of good quality, without defects.

3.3. Examination of the quality of perfumery water.

1. Name: "Insight"

2. Eau de parfum for women.

3. Manufacturer: the composition is made in France. BI-ES COSMETIC LLC, 142700, Russia, Moscow region, Vidnoe, Promzona room 610.

4. Expiration Date: Valid until May 2013

5. Ingredients: rectified ethyl alcohol from food raw materials, water, perfume composition, dyes, CI 1850. C42090.

6. Net weight: 100 ml.

7. This product has a voluntary certification. GOST R 51578-2000. Issued according to the State Standard of Russia.

8. Barcode: 4607005334640

6+7+0+3+4+4=24

4+0+0+5+3+6=18

This product is not counterfeit.

9. Organoleptic evaluation:

1. Packing - hermetically sealed, the marking is clear.

2. The shape of the package is rectangular. The shape of the bottle is pear-shaped.

3. Consistency - liquid, without impurities..

4. Color - pink.

5. Smell - refreshing, sweet, pleasant.

10.Conclusion: This product is of good quality, without defects.

Conclusion

In our time, fragrances are an integral part of life.

For some, this is just a pleasant perfume product, but for someone it is an important component in life.

The purchase of perfumes is a very interesting business, but it is fraught with many dangers - this is the purchase of counterfeit products, imitations and goods that have not passed customs control.

When buying a new or unfamiliar fragrance, you need to be careful, carefully study the packaging, design quality, content, and then the purchased product will never disappoint you.

Now many perfume products are produced, many fragrances are one-day-old, there are very few truly interesting fragrances for which the buyer returned to the store more than once. I would like to believe that the introduction of fashion on natural ingredients will bring a large number of great and memorable products.

Every year, even every month, there are more and more cosmetic novelties. The formulation is improving, the quality of decorative cosmetics is improving, which brings variety to our lives. Cosmetics give us pleasure and bring satisfaction in themselves.

In conclusion, I would like to say that, having considered the topic of decorative cosmetics, I realized even more how important it is in our life. Makeup is a great art that every woman should master.

References

S.A. Vilkov "Commodity research and examination of perfumery and cosmetic products".

S.A. Vilkova, O.Yu. Svekolnikov "Assessment of the quality and competitiveness of cosmetic products."

· H. Villamo "Cosmetic Chemistry".

G.N. Kasparov "Fundamentals of the production of perfumery and cosmetics"

Philip Kotler Fundamentals of Marketing. Moscow "Business book" 1995.

· Alain Corbin SCENTS OF PRIVATE LIFE (From the book "Miasms and Narcissus: Smell and public consciousness in the XVIII-XIX centuries") Translated from French by E. Lyamina and M. Bozovic - UFO No. 43, 2000

· A. Golovasheva Precious aromas or perfumes of famous jewelry houses.

In the range of perfumery products (Latin. perfume - smoke, evaporate) includes perfumes, colognes, fragrant (toilet) waters, perfume sets, refreshing and flavoring products. Cosmetics (gr. cosmetics- the art of decorating) is represented by therapeutic and hygienic and decorative means that allow you to observe hygiene and treat, as well as emphasize dignity, mask or hide imperfections in the skin of the face, hands, feet and body, hair, teeth and oral cavity.

Factors in the formation of the range and quality of perfumery and cosmetic products are raw materials and manufacturing technology. Fragrances, vegetable oils, animal fats and products of their processing, waxes of vegetable, animal and mineral origin, amino acids, vitamins, herbal extracts, fruit and vegetable juices, bee honey, pheromones and others are used for the production of perfumery and cosmetic products. active substances.

Fragrant substances include substances that have a pleasant specific smell, capable of transferring it to other substances, being introduced into them even in very small quantities. Fragrances are divided into two groups: natural and synthetic.

group natural fragrances are raw materials of vegetable (essential oils, resins, balms and flower lipstick) and animal (ambergris, civet, musk, beaver stream) origin. Essential oils are extracted from flowers, leaves, fruits, wood, as well as essential oil plants: roses, mint, coriander, lavender, sage, iris, cloves, vanilla, cinnamon, etc. Resins are secretions from cuts of some trees. Balms are obtained similarly to resins. They are a natural solution of resins in essential oils. Fragrances of animal origin are the glands and excreta products of some animals used to enrich and increase the durability of the smell, as well as to create a harmony of perfumery and cosmetic products with the smell of human skin. Ambergris is the intestinal deposits of the sperm whale, the infusion of which is able to fix the smell of premium perfumes. Civet is obtained from the endocrine glands of the civet cat and in small quantities it has a delicate, persistent aroma. Musk is extracted from the glands of the musk deer (musk deer). Beaver stream in small quantities gives a spicy smell and is extracted from the special glands of the river beaver.

Synthetic fragrances- these are products of chemical processing of oil, coal, wood, essential oils, which have natural and fantasy (not found in nature) smells.

The most common in the production of cosmetics are the following types of raw materials:

beeswax, capable of forming good alloys with fats, the wax has a pleasant honey smell and is used as a thickening agent for liquid components of creams, lipsticks, etc.;

hydrogenation product of sperm whale oil (salomas), extracted from the cavities of the head of the sperm whale and well softening the skin;

lanolin- a fat-like wax obtained from washing water after washing sheep's wool and capable of quickly, easily and deeply absorbed into the skin, without leaving a greasy trace;

stone oils(apricot, peach, almond), corn, castor, etc.;

stearin, obtained by splitting fat and used to make fast-absorbing, non-greasy creams,

hyaluronic acid, with rejuvenating effect.

Ceresin, paraffin, petroleum jelly and perfume oil are products of oil refining. They are used in cosmetic products to soften the skin. Of the alkalis, mainly borax, baking soda and ammonia are used. With the help of boric, acetic, salicylic, lactic, citric and other acids, they replenish the insufficient acidity of the skin, neutralize the alkaline reaction of sweat, increase skin density, constrict superficial vessels, etc. Vitamins (A, D, E, F, etc. ) protect the skin from premature aging and contribute to its recovery. Ethyl (wine) alcohol is used as a solvent and preservative. Glycerin is used as an additive in aqueous liquids and toothpastes to keep them from drying out, freezing, and spoiling. Zinc oxide is an important component of powder, make-up, sweat products, etc. Chemically pure, finely ground chalk is included in all tooth powders and pastes. Salol is White powder capable of absorbing ultra-violet rays. It is used in creams that protect the skin from sunburn. Thickeners (starch, agar-agar, etc.) are used for jellies and creams. In decorative cosmetics, eosin, ocher, rhodamine, fluorescein, etc. are used as dyes. Fragrances, more often floral, are used in cosmetics to improve the smell.

The main operations of the production of cosmetic products are the selection of raw materials, the mixing of raw materials, the processing of raw materials, the formation of the product, the briquetting of solid products, etc. The production system is determined by the type, consistency, shape and other features of cosmetic products.

The production technology of perfumery products consists of the following operations: preparation of compositions, infusions, perfume liquid; aging - settling perfume liquid, filtration; packaging, capping, labeling, packaging.

The structure and functions of the skin, hair, nails, teeth

Demineralization of teeth- a decrease in the content of minerals, especially calcium salts, in the tissues of the teeth.

Dermis- The layer of skin that is located between the epidermis and subcutaneous tissue, gives the skin elasticity and strength. It is permeated with blood vessels, it contains sensitive bodies that allow you to feel heat, cold, pain.

Flabbiness- loss of physiological turgor and tone by skin tissues.

Keratins- fibrillar water-insoluble proteins, which are the basis of the stratum corneum of the skin, hair and nails.

Leather- a complex dynamic organ, one of the largest in the body (16% of body weight). It is the outer cover of the body, provides the connection of the body with the external environment and is involved in maintaining the constancy of its internal environment and temperature. The main components of the skin are: the outer one is the epidermis, the middle one is the dermis and the inner one is the hypodermis.

Oily skin- characterized by an abundance of open pores, a yellowish-pale complexion, looks greasy, shiny and rough due to the pronounced activity of the sebaceous glands. Prone to acne. The extreme manifestation of oily skin is the so-called problem skin with severe acne: black, white acne vulgaris appears in it. Oily skin should be cleaned, disinfected and applied regularly. special care.

Combination skin, mixed- skin characterized by the presence of both oily and dry areas of the skin of the face. T-zone covered oily skin, the rest of the areas are dry, even exfoliation is possible. mixed skin requires strictly special double care, separately from each section.

Normal skin- balanced, beautiful, elastic, elastic, with a matte surface, no pores are visible on it. Permanent care consists in regular cleansing of the skin from dirt and excess sebum and moisturizing.

Dry skin- thin, easily flaky, prone to wrinkles. Dry skin is associated with a lack of sebum in the lower layers and a lack of moisture in the upper layers. Sometimes dry skin can be congenital or depends on a lack of vitamins A, C in the body, neuroendocrine disorders (for example, decreased function thyroid gland); the cause may also be unfavorable atmospheric pressure, central heating and air conditioning in the premises, increased solar radiation, work in hot shops, constant work with water, aggressive liquids. Requires special care.

Sensitive skin- thin skin, light, usually pinkish tone. It has a thin stratum corneum, little protective pigment, produces little fat, and therefore is easily irritated. Sensitive skin is always dry, easily reddened and flaky. Skin sensitivity can be congenital or acquired. To care for such skin, you should use only by special means care.

Skin types- in modern cosmetology The most common classification is the division of skin into types depending on factors such as greasiness, moisture, elasticity, elasticity, color, etc. In accordance with this, the following skin types are described: normal, sensitive, combination, mixed, oily, dry. Terms such as “overdried”, “dehydrated”, “flaccid” skin, etc., are manifestations of the described classification.

Cortes- thick middle layer of hair. It is formed by long, narrow keratinized cells that are located along the hair. The fibrous layer makes up almost 90% of the total mass of the hair. The main component of this layer, like the scaly layer, is keratin. It also contains the pigment melanin, hyaline is located between the cells. The elasticity and strength of the hair depends on this layer.

Couperose- vascular "asterisks" and "spiders" in certain areas of the skin.

Cuticle- It is formed from flat plate-like cells that overlap each other like roofing tiles. These cells are colorless, their flat surface reflects light, giving shine to the hair. The sebum located between the plates increases the flexibility and shine of the hair. When in contact with water, the cuticle keratin absorbs water and swells, while the edges of the plates take on vertical position. This occurs to a greater extent in alkaline solutions, for example, when applying formulations for chemical styling or when washing your hair.

Lipid film- a water-lipid film on the surface of the skin that performs the protective function of the skin. The hydrogen index of the film has values ​​from 4.5 to 5.5, it changes insignificantly at various influences and quickly returns to its original value. An acidic environment inhibits the development of microorganisms.

Lipids- organic substances insoluble in water, including fats and fat-like substances. Contained in all living cells, providing normal metabolic processes in tissues and forming an energy reserve of the body. There are simple lipids (fats, oils, waxes) and complex lipids (phospholipids).

Hair breakage- a hair defect that manifests itself in the form of split ends, split ends and other signs of unhealthy, weakened hair.

wrinkles- furrows (lines) and skin folds that occur on the face, neck, arms and other parts of the body. Distinguish between mimic and age wrinkles.

Dehydration of the skin- a phenomenon usually considered together with general dehydration of the body, which occurs with increased loss of water as a result of increased evaporation, sweating, insufficient water intake.

Degreasing- a phenomenon associated with a violation of fat metabolism and with a decrease in the normal lipid balance of the skin, hair, nails.

Pastosity- blanching, a decrease in the elasticity of the skin and subcutaneous tissue with their mild swelling.

penetration- the mechanism of penetration into the structure of the skin or hair of the most important components necessary for biological nutrition, renewal and healing of cells.

Perspiration skin- release of water on the surface of the skin.

Dandruff- a disease characterized by the appearance of many small loose scales on the scalp, more - in the occipito-parietal region.

Pigmentation- deposition in the tissues of a pigment introduced from the outside.

Subcutaneous fat- serves as a means of protecting the body from the cold and preserving fat reserves. This layer contains blood vessels, nerves, sweat glands, and hair follicles. The main task of the subcutaneous fat and dermis is to provide nutrition to the epidermis through the metabolism that is supplied to the skin by blood vessels. In order for cosmetic products that promote skin nutrition and improve metabolism to fulfill their task, they must penetrate the skin through the epidermis and subcutaneous fat. If this task is not solved, then the action of such cosmetics is ineffective.

Wrinkle smoothing- a term used in cosmetics to characterize the beneficial effect on the skin of cosmetic preparations. Outwardly, it manifests itself in a decrease in the depth and number of fine wrinkles due to an increase in skin elasticity.

Skin irritation- violation of the normal state of the skin, caused by the action external factors, the use of low-quality cosmetics.

Regeneration- restoration of the integrity of body tissues after damage, wounds, etc. Pathological and physiological regeneration is considered.

Sensitization- the process of gradually increasing sensitivity to the allergen after it enters the body.

Skin tone- a manifestation of the elasticity of living tissues. It is determined by two main factors: the state of the elastic fibers of the connective tissues of the dermis and subcutaneous adipose tissue.

photosensitivity- increased sensitivity of the body to solar radiation.

Cellulite- an inflammatory process that occurs in the connective tissue, in particular subcutaneous adipose tissue.

Face cleaning- cleansing the skin of sebum, dirt, dead cells, as well as removing impurities from the pores.

peeling skin- separation of the smallest particles (dead keratinized cells) from the surface of the epidermis. This process, being a normal physiological phenomenon, goes unnoticed. But in some cases it becomes more visible. In cosmetology, it is associated with a change in the condition of the skin due to degreasing, loss of moisture.

Epidermis- the outer layer of the skin, protects against adverse conditions external environment. It consists of five layers: horny, shiny, granular, spiny and basal. Two (outer) layers are practically dead (keratinized) cells. They contain very little moisture, only 15% of the total amount available in the epidermis. The other three layers of the epidermis, like living tissue cells, in addition to water, contain proteins, fats, carbohydrates and minerals.

hair core- located in the center of the hair, consists of 2-4 layers of cells.

Recipe development

1. Perfumes

Base (composition-base) — harmonious combination fragrant substances, the result of mixing several components into a simple finished composition, which is later used as a raw material in the development of perfumery.

Aging perfume liquid- a complex physicochemical process of interaction of the components included in the formulation of a perfume liquid with each other, as a result of which the smell becomes whole, harmonious.

Gamma- designation by perfumers of the range of raw materials used by them.

head (head note)- the note that creates the first olfactory impression during the use (evaluation) of perfumery. Occurs due to the strong volatility of some components.

Fragrances- substances that have a specific, not always pleasant smell, capable of transferring it to other substances, being introduced in a very small amount. They are divided into natural and synthetic fragrances.

end note- felt in the final stage of perfume evaporation, determined by the smell of the least volatile components.

infusions- solutions of extractive aromatic substances obtained by infusion of natural raw materials (of plant or animal origin) in alcohol.

Note- characterizes the aroma of raw materials or compositions (flower note, spicy note, etc.).

O thawing perfume liquid- physical and chemical process of separation of suspended particles of substances under the influence of gravity for a certain time.

Perfume composition- a complex finished mixture of natural and synthetic products and base compositions. The quality of perfumery depends on the formulation of the composition. Perfumers use the term to define the product resulting from creative work. The manufacturer can obtain a perfume composition at its own production or purchase ready-made perfumes for production.

Heart (heart note)- the smell that is felt after the initial (head) note and determines the type of smell of perfumery.

Maturation- a continuous process of changes occurring in the perfume liquid and the product, as a result of which high product quality and odor stability are achieved.

Combination- the effect obtained by mixing two or three types of raw materials or simple notes, when the character and intensity of the smell of each odorous substance are harmoniously combined.

Topic- the main smell around which the perfumer ("nose") develops his creativity.

Flanker- a product created to expand the main brand, usually a seasonal variation on the theme of a well-known fragrance, while accentuating one or more notes.

Plume- the olfactory sensation of the smell of air left by a passing perfumed person.

2. Cosmetic products

Antioxidants- ingredients of cosmetics that are able to inhibit the processes of free radical oxidation of molecules.

Antiperspirants- agents that reduce sweating at the site of application; do not affect perspiration in general.

Antiseptics- a group of agents that have a disinfecting (antimicrobial) effect, are used to disinfect the skin by lubricating, wiping, irrigation.

Bactericidal action- the ability of a substance to completely block the growth and reproduction of bacteria.

Substances biologically active— common name organic compounds that participate or are able to participate in the implementation of any functions of the body and have a high specificity of action. Biologically active substances include enzymes, vitamins, hormones, etc.

vitamins Substances of organic nature that are indispensable for the body and are of fundamental importance for the normal metabolism and vital activity of humans and animals. Necessary for nutrition in negligible amounts compared to the main nutrients(proteins, fats, carbons and salts). There are two groups of vitamins: fat-soluble (A, D, E, K) and water-soluble (B, PP, H, C, P).

Gelling agents- substances or compositions that have the ability under certain conditions to form gels - a transparent mass of viscous consistency. They are used as thickening components in creams, milk, toothpastes, and also as a basis for cosmetic gels. Cosmetics use sodium alginate, cellulose ethers, acrylic acid copolymers, polysaccharides.

Gap fillers— biologically active substances that restore human skin resources: vitamins, essential amino acids and fatty acids that are not synthesized in the body.

To consistency of cosmetics- the physical and chemical state of the product, which depends mainly on the composition, quantity and quality of structure-forming and gelling components. It can be thick, liquid, gel-like (jelly-like) and solid.

Lipids- the general name of the substances that make up the composition of cosmetics, which perform the following functions:

Spread over the surface of the skin, mixing with the lipids of the epidermis, make the skin soft, tender, act as an emollient;

They influence the regenerative processes in the skin.

Cosmetics use: hydrocarbons, waxes, higher aliphatic alcohols and acids, fats, oils, lanolin, esters.

Liposomes- spherical balls, the shell of which consists of lipids close to skin lipids, which contain active components: proteins, peptides, etc. Contribute to the deep penetration of components into the skin structure.

Modulators- biologically active substances that change the speed and intensity of various processes occurring in the skin: immunomodulators, regulators of collagen synthesis.

Surfactants (surfactants)- substances that reduce surface tension at the phase boundary and ensure the interpenetration of immiscible phases into each other. They are used as emulsifiers in the manufacture of creams, lipsticks, as detergent components in shampoos and others. detergents, and also as bactericidal additives in deodorants.

protectors substances that protect human skin from harmful effects: film-forming substances, antioxidants, antimicrobial and other agents.

Solubilizers- substances that increase the solubility of the ingredients of cosmetics or perfumes, which leads to the thermodynamic stability of liquids.

Enzymes (enzymes)- biological catalysts that carry out and regulate the metabolism in the body.

Phospholipids- lipids containing a phosphoric acid residue as a structural fragment. These include lycitin, phosphatidylserine, etc.

Extract- Extraction of a component extracted from any product by the extraction method. There are hydroalcoholic, alcoholic, oily and carbonic extracts (CO 2 -extract) in accordance with the solvents and technology used.

herbal extract- a product of extraction carried out from various types of plant materials.

Carbonic extract (CO 2 -extract)- a biologically active product obtained by extracting from plants a complex of both water-soluble, fat-soluble components and aromatic substances by a special technology using carbon dioxide. The extract has a bactericidal, volatile and antioxidant effect. The technology allows preserving and concentrating vitamins, phytohormones, alkaloids, free fatty acids and other valuable compounds. С0 2 -extract is well combined with other components of cosmetic products.

Exfoliants- substances or cosmetics designed to remove (peel) dead skin cells of the epidermis mechanically or chemically. Exfoliants for mechanical peeling are called scrubs.

emollients- (English emollient) - cosmetic ingredients that help keep the skin soft, smooth and tender. The action of emollients is based on their ability to remain on the surface of the skin or in the stratum corneum, eliminate dryness, flaking and improve the appearance of the skin. These include lanolin, fatty alcohols, silicones, esters, waxes and triglycerides. E. largely determine consumer properties cosmetics: ease of distribution on the skin, absorption, sensations after application to the skin.

Enhancers- various substances chemical nature facilitating penetration through the skin barrier active components cosmetics. Enhancers can be substances of various chemical nature: surface-active (surfactants), organic solvents (alcohol, acetone, etc.) and special transdermal carriers (liposomes, niosomes, etc.)

Raw material

1. Fats, oils, fat-like substances

Butyl stearate- the product of esterification of stearin (a mixture of stearic and palmitic acids) with butyl alcohol. Good for softening the skin.

Isopropyl myristate- ester of myristic acid and isopropyl alcohol. Reduces the viscosity of the emulsion, is easily absorbed by the skin without leaving a feeling of stickiness and greasy, softens the skin.

Ilantan- an ester of undecylenic acid and a polyhydric alcohol. It has an antimicrobial effect and is used in creams intended for the care of oily facial skin prone to acne, as well as in foot creams, deodorants, shampoos and other products.

Corn oil- obtained by extraction or pressing of corn germ. Due to the high content of linoleic acid and lecithin, it is a valuable cosmetic raw material. Up to 10% is added to the composition of creams.

chicken oil- derived from visceral fat effective action on the fat metabolism of the skin, it is easy to apply without leaving a greasy film on the surface of the skin.

Cacao butter- refers to solid vegetable fats, it is obtained from cocoa beans. The fusibility of cocoa butter is valuable property, as it helps to obtain creams of the desired consistency. Used mainly in the composition of creams and decorative cosmetics (up to 5%).

Castor oil- Obtained by refining crude oil produced by pressing castor seeds. Introduced into the composition of lipsticks in a concentration of up to 18% and in hair care products - up to 4%.

mink fat- contains up to 20% triglycerides of palmitoleic acid, not found in vegetable oils. The total content of triglycerides of unsaturated fatty acids is about 70%, which provides a high penetration of fat. Mink fat is easily emulsified and more resistant to rancidity.

In cosmetic products, mink fat is introduced in an amount of up to 10%. Mink fat is a well softening, quickly absorbed component that does not leave a greasy feeling on the skin.

Olive, almond, stone, peach oils- often used in cosmetic products, contain up to 83% oleic acid, up to 10% unsaturated fatty acids, up to 10% linoleic acid. Under the influence of oxygen, water, light, heat, oils can oxidize, and a number of intermediate compounds are formed, which give the oils bad smell and taste. In creams for the care of normal and oily skin, the oil content is 5-15%, depending on the purpose of the cream. In winter conditions, at low air temperatures, creams with a higher oil content are most suitable for protecting the skin.

cottonseed oil- Obtained from cotton seeds. The composition of the oil includes triglycerides of saturated acids (up to 20%), oleic (up to 30%), linoleic (up to 45%), unsaponifiable substances (1.7%). Due to the high content of unsaturated fatty acids, the oil begins to become cloudy already at 10-12°C. The presence of unsaturated linoleic acid causes the oil to quickly rancid. In cosmetic creams, it is usually introduced in a mixture with olive oil and rarely alone.

Cetiolan- ester of oleic acid and high molecular weight unsaturated alcohols. It is used in a concentration of up to 5% in the composition of cosmetic creams as a fatty component that is easily absorbed into the skin, reduces the viscosity of creams.

2. Waxes

Rose wax- obtained from production waste rose oil. It has high structure-forming properties, close to the properties of beeswax, allows you to adjust the viscosity of water / oil creams, and especially oil / water

carnauba wax- obtained from the leaves of the palm tree Сopernicia cerifera. Heat melting point (80-86°C), hardness, good polishing ability give this product qualities that other types of waxes do not have. Carnauba wax has an exceptional ability to bind the liquid fatty phase and increase the melting point of the lipstick mass.

Lanolin- Obtained from sheep wool fat. It has a high water holding capacity. Increases the heat resistance of creams, regulates their viscosity. Well softens the skin, eliminates peeling, is quickly absorbed and promotes the absorption of biologically active and other substances by the skin. useful components creams.

Beeswax is a waste product of bees. It is a structure-forming component in water / oil emulsion creams, increases thermal stability, regulates viscosity. In composition, it is close to the composition of sebum, promotes the formation of a waxy film on the surface of the skin, preventing dehydration of the skin.

Spermaceti- Obtained from the fat of the sperm whale. Similar in composition to waxes that are part of sebum. It is a valuable component that nourishes the skin. Introduced into the composition of creams to nourish and soften the skin. Leaves no shine on the skin, forms a light film on it.

Stearyl stearate (stearol)- a mixture of esters of stearic and palmitic acids and high molecular weight alcohols of the C 17 -C 18 fraction. It is used in the composition of cosmetic creams for various purposes as a structure-forming component instead of spermaceti.

coniferous wax- a product of complex processing of coniferous tree greens. It is mainly used in decorative cosmetics.

3. Hydrocarbons

Vaseline cosmetic- a homogeneous ointment-like mass, a product of oil refining, a mixture of solid and liquid high-molecular hydrocarbons, ceresin. The basis for the preparation of certain types of cosmetics

Paraffin- a mixture of solid hydrocarbons obtained by distillation of paraffin oil fractions. It is widely used in protective creams, for massage and a number of special creams.

perfume oil- a mixture of liquid hydrocarbons obtained by sublimation of oil. It is poorly absorbed by the skin, forms a thin film on the surface, which prevents the skin from losing moisture. Therefore, it is introduced into many creams that have water-retaining properties. The composition of the perfume oil can introduce a mixture of essential oils. In this case, it can be used as a perfume or as an additive in cosmetics.

Ceresin- a mixture of solid paraffinic hydrocarbons obtained during the processing and purification of ozocerite (petroleum bitumen). It is mainly used in decorative cosmetics, for the preparation of petroleum jelly, as well as in water / oil emulsion creams (as a thickener and a component that increases the thermal stability of creams).

Essential oil— fragrant multicomponent composition of organic compounds, consisting of terpenes and their oxygen-containing derivatives (alcohols, ketones, aldehydes, ethers), as well as aromatic hydrocarbons. Obtained from plants natural oils) and by aromasynthesis (synthetic oils). Have an oily texture, leave on paper greasy spot, which quickly disappears.

4. Higher fatty acids and alcohols

Synthetic primary alcohols C l -C p (overclocked)- solid homogeneous mass of white or cream color. An effective structure-forming component, promotes the formation of stable emulsions.

Stearin- a mixture of fatty acids, mainly stearic and palmitic, possible impurities of myristic, lauric, and oleic acids. Stearin is one of the main components of cosmetic creams. It is used in oil/water emulsion creams as an emulsifying and structure-forming component.

5. Surfactants

Amidobetaine- belongs to the group of amphoteric surfactants. Stable in the presence of hardness salts, in acidic and alkaline solutions, has emulsifying, foaming, bactericidal and antistatic properties, is a foam stabilizer, used in washing cosmetic preparations in an amount of up to 3%.

Catamine AB- alkylbenzyldimethylammonium chloride, belongs to the group of cationic surfactants. It is used as part of rinses and in hair styling products in an amount of up to 0.5% (based on 100% catamine AB).

Magnesium lauryl sulfate oxyethylated— a viscous transparent colorless or pale yellow mass with an anionic content of at least 25%. Used in shampoos, mainly for children, at a concentration of up to 5%.

Sodium lauryl sulfate— anionic surfactant (surfactant). Possesses the emulsifying properties and the expressed washing action. Very degreasing of the skin. It is used mainly in the composition of toothpastes at a concentration of up to 2% and shampoos up to 10%.

Sodium lauryl sulfate ethoxylated— viscous transparent colorless mass with the content of anionic substances up to 50%. In the composition of shampoos used in an amount of up to 25%.

Sulfoethoxylates— belong to the group of anionic surfactants. Possess the expressed washing and foaming properties.

Triethanolamine alkyl sulfates synthetic primary— surfactants of the anionic type. They have foaming, wetting, dispersing and emulsifying properties.

Triethanolaminolaurylsulfate- clear liquid light yellow with the content of anionic substances (40%). Introduced into the composition of shampoos in an amount of up to 10%.

Cyclimide- a derivative of imidazoline - a cyclic nitrogenous base. Belongs to the group of amphoteric surfactants. It has a mild cleaning effect. As part of shampoos, mainly for children, it is used in an amount of up to 10%.

6. Emulsifiers and emulsifying mixtures

Glycerol monostearate- a mixture of mono- and diesters of stearin acids. In the presence of anionic additives (soap, sodium lauryl sulfate) it forms highly stable oil/water emulsions. Used in creams and hair care products in amounts of 0.5-7%.

Oleate PEG-40 (emulsifier)- the optimal concentration is 2-5%. Due to its good dermatological properties and the ability to form emulsions with a high content of oily phase, it is widely used in cosmetic creams intended for very dry and sensitive skin. Good solubility in oils allows it to be used in cleansing oils, oily shampoos, oils for children's skin care, and creamy shampoos.

Pentol (emulsifier)- a mixture of esters of pentaerythritol and oleic acid. Applied in an amount up to 3% (mainly 1-2%) to obtain water/oil type emulsion creams with a water content of 40-45%.

Alcohols of wool fat- lanolin alcohols, used to obtain water / oil type emulsion creams at a concentration of 6-8%.

PEG-400 stearate (emulsifier)- the optimal concentration of the emulsifier, at which sufficiently stable emulsions are formed, is 3-5%, it is well combined with all types of raw materials. Based on it, emulsion creams of liquid and thick consistency are obtained; it can be used in the preparation of foundation creams, creamy and tinted shampoos for dispersing dyes, etc.

Zincstearate- used in the perfumery and cosmetic industry as a structure-forming and emulsifying component. Included in many emulsion creams such as water / oil in a concentration of up to 2%.

Emulsion wax (emulsifier)- used mainly for the production of emulsion creams of the oil / water type of thick consistency in an amount of 2 to 7%. It has a softening effect on the skin, prevents skin moisture loss, does not leave the feeling of oily skin.

Solubilizers

Preparation PP-40- a mixture of ethoxylated esters of pentol. In lotions, they are usually used in an amount of 0.3-1.5%, while the concentration of ethyl alcohol does not exceed 35%.

Ricinox-80- a mixture of polyethylene glycol esters of castor oil acids. Used as a solubilizer in cosmetic lotions in concentrations up to 1.5%. It is also used as an emollient in shampoos at a concentration of up to 2%.

Abrasives

Aerosil- silica. It is introduced into the composition of toothpastes in an amount of up to 3%. Gives toothpastes a beautiful appearance.

White clay - a mineral from the group of aluminosilicates. It is very hygroscopic, has high hiding power and good adhesive properties. Oily to the touch amorphous powder with high adsorption capacity. It is subject to sterilization, as it may contain microorganisms. Enriched kaolin is used in powder and cosmetic masks, because they are applied locally to the desired area of ​​​​the skin.

White zinc- zinc oxide. They have good covering ability; mask skin defects and to a small extent protect it from exposure sun rays; also have antiseptic properties. Dry zinc white of grades BTs-0 and BTs-1 is used, used as a filler in the composition of powders at a concentration of not more than 15%.

Dicalcium phosphate dihydrate- obtained from chemically precipitated chalk, treating it with phosphoric acid. Often used in toothpastes mixed with chemically precipitated chalk.

Titanium dioxide- has good hiding power, has a high hiding power. It is used as a filler in the composition of powders at a concentration of up to 15%. It is also introduced in an amount of up to 3% in creams with a masking effect, and up to 10% in foundation creams to obtain the desired color shades.

Kaolin- a mineral belonging to the group of aluminosilicates. It has high hiding power and good adhesive properties, is highly hygroscopic, so its content in the powder is usually limited to 25%. High humidity can cause the mass to stick together, causing the powder to be unevenly distributed on the skin.

Starch- high molecular weight carbohydrate. Corn starch of the 1st and highest grades, potato and maize starch are introduced into the composition of the powder. Starch has adsorption properties, makes the skin velvety. However, its use is limited due to the possible reproduction of microorganisms in its environment. In cosmetic powders, starch is introduced in an amount of up to 8%.

Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (sodium-CMC)- Ether of cellulose and glycolic acid. It has high biological activity and has film-forming properties. To obtain stable toothpastes, purified sodium CMC brand “O” | 0/450 is used in the amount of 1-1.5%.

Titanium oxide pigment (grade A-01)- synthetic inorganic pigment. In cosmetics, it is used in creams, powders, lipsticks as a filler, as well as to achieve uniformity and a delicate tone of products.

Hydroxyethylcellulose- polyoxyethylated cellulose. It is widely used in the composition of toothpastes, allows to reduce the content of chalk in them.

Talc- greasy to the touch, soft mineral product. Chemically inert product, gives the powder good flowability. Its disadvantages are low covering power, absorption into the skin and oily sheen. However, due to its softness and sliding effect, it is used as part of a powder in an amount of 50 - 80%.

Chemically precipitated chalk (calcium carbonate)- Obtained from burnt natural limestone. Chemical formula- CaCO 3, white powder, poorly soluble in water, unstable when heated. Precipitated chalk is used as an abrasive in the manufacture of toothpastes.

preservatives

Beisyl alcohol (phenylcarbinol)- exhibits bacteriostatic properties, can be inactivated by non-ionic surfactants. It is rarely used alone in cosmetic products. The maximum permissible concentration is 1%.

Bronopol, vantol-2-bromo-2-nitropropane-1,3-diol- injected into deodorants at a concentration of 0.05-0.1% and cosmetic creams at a concentration of 0.03-0.05%. Does not irritate the skin and mucous membranes, is not a contact allergen.

Paraform (paraformaldehyde)- irritates the mucous membrane, sensitizes the skin. It has a very wide spectrum of fungicidal and bactericidal action, effective in a wide pH range (3-10). Used in cosmetics at a concentration of not more than 0.2%, in preparations for oral hygiene - not more than 0.1% in terms of pure formaldehyde. It is forbidden to use in aerosols.

Salicylic acid and her ethers- the maximum allowable concentration - 0.5%. Not recommended for use in preparations for children under three years of age, with the exception of shampoos.

Low molecular weight alcohols and acids

1,2-propylene glycol- used in cosmetics as a solvent for some useful supplements, to reduce the freezing point of products, as an antimicrobial additive (similar to ethanol). They are used in cosmetic creams (up to 6-7%), in deodorizing pencils (up to 60%).

Benzoic acid- has an effective antiseptic effect, has a weak irritating effect. Most often used in the form of sodium salt.

Boric acid - It is used mainly in lotions for the care of acne-prone skin, in deodorants in conjunction with salicylic acid. The complex of these acids has a strong antiseptic effect. The optimal concentration is 0.1-0.2%.

Glycerin (distilled)- trihydric alcohol. It is extremely hygroscopic, thanks to which it is used as a moisturizing component that prevents cosmetic products from drying out and lowers their freezing point. Included in cosmetic creams and lotions in concentrations up to 11% (mainly 2-6%), in toothpastes - up to 20%.

Hyaluronic acid- the general name of a group of acidic polysaccharides, an integral part of the extracellular substance (connective tissue) of the skin, vitreous body and synovial fluid. Has an effective moisturizing effect. With age, its content in the skin decreases. When applied to the skin, hyaluronic acid forms an elastic film that limits evaporation. molecules hyaluronic acid large and cannot penetrate into the thickness of the skin (dermis) from the surface.

Lemon acid- affects the redox processes occurring in the skin. Enter up to 0.5%, has a weak whitening effect on the skin.

Lactic acid- is introduced into creams to lower the pH. Sodium salt is used as a bleaching or moisturizing ingredient.

Salicylic acid- mixed with alcohol is a preservative. In concentrations up to 0.4%, it is used mainly in deodorant lotions, in acne skin care products, and in aftershave products.

Ethyl alcohol, ethanol (rectified)- used as a solvent, to reduce the freezing point of the product, to increase the effectiveness of preservatives. At concentrations above 15% it is a preservative. In creams for dry and normal skin, no more than 5% is injected, in creams for oily skin - up to 10%; in lotions - from 30% (for dry skin) to 60% (for oily skin), in deodorant lotions - up to 80%, in shampoos - up to 10%.

Phytoprotective Compounds

FZS-1 (p-(M-glucosylidene) amino-benzoic acid ethyl ester)— an effective photoprotective effect is provided when it is introduced into cosmetic creams up to 4%.

FZS-2 (ethyl ester of cinnamylideneacetic acid)- used alone or in combination with other photoprotective compounds at a concentration of 2-5%.

Skin whitening preparations

Hydroquinone monomethyl ether- used in concentrations up to 5% in skin whitening creams.

Extract biologically active- a mixture of a number of plant extracts and citric acid. Used in concentrations up to 20% in conjunction with other whitening ingredients in cosmetic creams designed to whiten facial skin. The extract has an anti-inflammatory effect and reduces skin irritation caused by bleaching agents such as hydroquinone monomethyl ether.

Film-forming substances

Lacris-20DV- water-soluble sodium salt of a copolymer of methacrylic acid with methyl methacrylate. In cosmetics, it is used as part of liquid mascara at a concentration of up to 2%.

Polyvinylpyrrolidone- obtained by polymerization of vinylpyrrolidone. May cause irritation in case of contact with eyes. Used as part of cosmetic creams, mascaras, hair rinses, as a film-forming substance in concentrations up to 3%.

Polyethylsiloxane fluids— mixtures of organosilicon polymers with predominantly linear structure. Liquids PES-3 and PES-5 form the basis of protective creams that create a film on the skin that protects against harmful long-term exposure to water, water-alcohol liquids, solutions of acids, alkalis, detergents, etc.; also introduced into the composition of lipsticks.

SVAP-6 resin solution (water)- copolymer of vinyl acetate and vinylpyrrolidone (40-60). It is used in cosmetics as a film-forming substance in foundation creams, liquid mascara.

Pearlescent preparations

Mother-of-pearl paste PPV-1- bismuth chloride suspended in a mixture of castor and sulfonated castor oils. Designed to create a pearlescent effect in decorative cosmetics. Introduced into the composition of lipsticks at a concentration of up to 20%.

Titanium mica- used in an amount of 4 to 12%.

Thickeners

Rosin pine- in the cosmetic industry, grade A pine rosin is used as part of lipsticks, manicure varnishes and varnish pastes at a concentration of up to 4%.

Tiha-ascane- used as a medicine. In cosmetics, it is used in foundation creams, hair care products as a thickening and structure-forming component at a concentration of up to 5%.

Sulfur-containing substances

Sulsen— a mixture of crystalline selenium monosulfide with elemental selenium, elemental sulfur and amorphous solid solutions of sulfur and selenium. Despite the fact that sulsen is the most effective anti-seborrheic agent and side effects(increased separation of sebum, etc.) are not observed when using it, in last years it is used less and less.

Zinc pyrithione- zinc complex of 2-mercaptopyridan-N-oxide (pyrithione), has cytostatic and strong antimicrobial properties, belongs to moderately toxic substances. Used in shampoos at a concentration of 1-2%, rinses and other indelible preparations from the skin (0.1-0.2%) in the pH range of 4.5-9.5.

Biologically active additives

Calamus vulgaris (calamus marsh, calamus, yavar, calamus root)– calamus rhizome contains tannins, essential oil, which includes terpenes, pinene, borneol, eugenol, camphene, acorin bitter glycoside, etc. In cosmetics, calamus is used in the form of oil and CO 2 extracts in creams, tooth elixir hair care products.

Allantoin- a natural compound, is a derivative of uric acid, found in the roots of comfrey officinalis. It is obtained mainly synthetically. Eliminates peeling, enhances skin regeneration, is a good moisturizing component, which allows it to be used in cosmetics for skin care with a wide spectrum of action. Recommended for the care of weathered, damaged skin. Included in hair root care products, used in deodorants as a bactericidal agent, in aftershave products, in lipsticks. Used in concentrations up to 0.5%.

Aloe- has a pronounced bactericidal and phytoncidal action. It is introduced into the composition of creams intended for the care of oily and normal skin face prone to acne, irritation.

Protein hydrolysers- hydrolysis products of keratin, gelatin, sausage casing waste. Keratin hydrolysers normalize protein metabolism in the skin of the scalp in people suffering from premature hair loss, increase blood supply to the skin, help reduce skin sebum secretion when using lotions. Hydrolyzers of gelatin, sausage shell waste promote skin hydration, regulate protein metabolism. They are introduced into the composition of cosmetic creams for the care of aging skin, in lotions for teenagers for the care of acne-prone skin.

Birch tar- is part of a number of therapeutic ointments. In the cosmetics industry, it is used as part of tar soap and shampoo.

Vitamin A- found in fats and products of animal origin (fish oil, butter, cream, milk, egg yolk), in many products of plant origin there is a lot of carotene - provitamin A. Vitamin A is administered mainly in the form oil solutions various concentrations in creams for dry facial skin, for aging skin, as well as in creams designed to care for acne-prone skin.

Vitamin B (pantothenic acid)- found in products of animal and vegetable origin. In cosmetics, it is used in the form of calcium pantothenate in the composition of toothpastes and hair care products.

Vitamin B- found in the liver oil of marine fish. In cosmetics, vitamin B 2 is used as part of baby and nourishing creams.

Vitamin C ( vitamin C) - widely distributed in plants, especially in fresh vegetables, fruits and berries. The lack of vitamin C in the skin leads to its premature aging, the development of dryness. Vitamin C is introduced into cosmetic products only as part of extracts of various plants.

Vitamin E (tocopherol)- found in legumes, cereals, vegetables. In cosmetics, they are used in the form of oil solutions of various concentrations as part of a series nourishing creams and creams designed to care for aging skin.

Vitamin E- is included in large quantities in the composition of many vegetable oils: cottonseed, sunflower, linseed, etc. In cosmetics, it is widely used as part of many nourishing cosmetic creams, especially for aging skin, in aftershave cream and in hair care products.

Vitamin P (rutin, tea catechins)- found only in vegetables, berries and citrus fruits. Introduced in the form of plant extracts containing flavonoids, in the composition of skin care products. Recently proposed for use in cosmetics new drug with P-vitamin activity.

Vitamin PP (nicotinic acid)- widely distributed in vegetable and especially in animal products, brewer's yeast and grain products. Introduced into lotions intended for hair and skin care.

Ginseng- Apply ginseng roots. Contains a complex of physiologically active substances: triterpenes, saponins, essential oils, vitamins B 1 and B 2, fatty oils, resins, pectin, phytosterol, organic acids, starch, sugar, etc. In cosmetics, a water-alcohol infusion of ginseng biomass is used as part of lotions and creams for dry skin.

St. John's wort- in the cosmetic industry, St. John's wort is used in the form of a water-alcohol infusion or oil extract as part of a dental elixir, baby cream, creams for aging skin and aftershave products.

Izulen- is part of chamomile, is used in cosmetics, both in concentrated form and in the form of a 25% solution in hydroxyethyl ricinoleate as part of baby creams, toothpaste, and decorative cosmetics.

horse chestnut- in cosmetics, it is used in the form of a water-alcohol-glycerin extract, which is introduced into the composition of shampoos and creams for the care of dry and normal skin, as well as in products intended for the care of acne-prone skin, in acne products.

Stinging nettle- in the form of an oil extract and hydroalcoholic infusions, they are introduced into shampoos and lotions for hair care, as well as into creams for the care of normal and oily skin.

Burdock large (burdock, burdock, burdock root)-contains a lot of inulin polysaccharide, as well as essential oils, protein fat-like substances. In the domestic cosmetic industry, it is used as an infusion in hair care products.

Common juniper- in the domestic cosmetic industry they are used in the form of CO 2 -extract in the composition of toothpastes.

Peppermint- the main component is menthol. Peppermint essential oil and menthol are widely used in oral care cosmetics and shaving creams.

Sea buckthorn- the fruits contain fatty oils, sugars and organic acids, vitamins B 1, B 2, E, R. Concentrate is used in the cosmetic industry sea ​​buckthorn oil — oil preparation from the waste of post-harvest sorting of sea buckthorn fruits and CO 2 -extract obtained from industrial waste after processing sea buckthorn fruits for juice. Introduced into the composition of toothpastes, creams and hair care products.

Parsley curly- In cosmetics, CO 2 -extract of parsley seeds is used. The active substances of the extract increase skin tone, regulate water-salt metabolism, and have a whitening effect. Parsley CO 2 -extract is a part of cosmetic creams for skin care around the eyes and creams for normal, dry and aging skin.

Chamomile officinalis (pharmacy)- Chamomile infusion is recommended for rinsing with inflammation of the gums, oral mucosa, for washing wounds. In cosmetics, chamomile is used in the form of oil, water-alcohol and CO 2 extracts in the composition of shampoos, rinses, day creams, hair care oils, aftershave lotions; Chamomile extracts are a traditional component of baby creams.

Sophora japonica- is introduced in the form of a water-alcohol extract in the composition of the shampoo. Has a healing effect.

Thyme (creeping thyme, Bogorodskaya herb)- contains up to 0.6% of essential oil, the main component of which is thymol, as well as tannins, bitterness, resins, etc. In cosmetics, thyme in the form of a water-alcohol-glycerin extract is introduced into deodorant lotions.

Rose hip- its pulp contains vitamins C, B 2, K, P, provitamin A, sugars, pectins, organic acids. In cosmetic products, water-alcohol and oil extracts of wild rose are used. These extracts have a beneficial effect on the general condition of the skin, activate metabolic processes. Rosehip extracts are used mainly in face and body skin care products, as well as in hair care products.

Eleutherococcus— contains glycosides, pectins, essential and fatty oils, flavonoids. Eleutherococcus roots are used in cosmetics in the form of a water-alcohol extract as part of a cream for the care of dry and normal skin.

egg oil- contains valuable substances that regulate fat metabolism in the skin: phospholipids (lecithin, cephalin, etc.), unsaturated fatty acids. In cosmetics, it is used as a useful additive in creams for dry skin, for the care of aging skin, as well as in hair care products.

Technological process of production

Cream cooking- one of the technological operations in the process of preparing the cream. Cooking is usually carried out in a digester equipped with a steam jacket and a stirrer. Heating and stirring contribute to the interaction of the individual components of the cream, their uniform distribution and obtaining a homogeneous mass.

Homogenization- a technological stage in which a wide polydisperse particle size distribution is converted into a narrow, monodisperse compound. It is carried out in homogenizers, which use more high powers shear compared to mixing.

The result is a high stability of emulsions and sensory characteristics of the product.

Deaeration- the process of dewatering the resulting product by standing or vacuuming it.

dispersion- separation of a substance or phase into individual particles and their subsequent distribution in a dispersion medium, resulting in a dispersed system.

Consistency of cosmetics- physical and chemical state, depending mainly on the quantity and quality of structure-forming and gelling components.

Maceration- a method for extracting active components from plant materials by infusion in non-volatile solvents.

Technological parameters— the most important process parameters that affect the quality of the product to a greater extent and therefore require control and documentation during the production process: temperature, mixing and homogenization speed, duration of stages, etc.

Extraction- extraction of any component from the feedstock using solvents or their mixtures, water, alcohol, glycerin, oils, etc.

emulsification— a dispersion process in which both phases are liquid. Apply mechanical and ultrasonic methods emulsification.

Introduction

Since ancient times, people have used incense. Aromatic substances came to Europe from the countries of the East. Perfume production in Europe began in the 12th century in France. Fragrant water was developed in Cologne and was called "Celtic water".

From the 19th century, perfumery began to develop as a luxury industry. Perfumers paid much attention to the decoration of perfume bottles. French perfumery is in high demand all over the world.

In Russia, the perfumery and cosmetics industry originated at the turn of the 18th and 19th centuries. At the end of the 18th century, a perfumery and cosmetics factory was opened in Moscow, and in the middle of the 19th century, other perfumery and cosmetics factories were created. Currently, enterprises producing perfumes and cosmetics are successfully operating in Russia: Novaya Zarya, Svoboda (Moscow), Nevskaya Kosmetika (St. Petersburg), Kalina (Yekaterinburg) and others.

In ancient times, people also used cosmetics, and not only for hygiene purposes, but also to embellish their appearance. The ancient East is considered the birthplace of cosmetics. In ancient Rus', cosmetics were used mainly for hygienic purposes.

Soap was invented in France in the 9th century. In 1883 at the world exhibition in Amsterdam, a red rod wrapped in paper was presented - the prototype of modern lipstick. In the 40s of the 20th century, America became the birthplace of lipstick.

Nowadays, the range of cosmetics is very large and diverse. The use of cosmetics should be harmless to the skin and body.

Raw materials and production

Main raw material for production - perfumery and fragrant substances, alcohol and water.

Auxiliary raw materials- dyes, odor fixatives.

The more fragrant substances, the higher the quality of the perfume.

Natural aromatic substances are divided into substances of plant and animal origin. Vegetable aromatic substances: leaves (mint, eucalyptus, blackcurrant), fruits (lemon, orange), seeds (cumin, coriander), flower buds (cloves), flowers (rose, jasmine, narcissus, acacia). To obtain fragrant substances, resins are used - secretions from incisions of resinous plants, balms - solutions of resins in essential oils. These substances are used as scent fixatives for a longer period of time.

Raw materials of animal origin - ambergris, civet, musk, beaver stream.

Ambergris is a product that is formed in the intestines of the sperm whale; civet is an endocrine product of the civet cat.

Ethyl alcohol is used in production as a solvent. Alcohol of the highest purity is used.

Water in perfumery plays the role of a solvent, alcohol is diluted with it. It should be clean, transparent, odorless, impurities. Use distilled water.

Production of perfumery goods

Consists of processes:

1. dosing of components

2. mixing

3. upholding, standing up

4. filtering

5. packing

6. packing

When settling, some of the coarser substances precipitate, and the liquid becomes transparent. This process takes about a month.

Raw materials for beauty products

Raw materials are divided into main and auxiliary.

The main ones include fats, oils and fat-like components. Synthetic vegetable and animal fats are used: waxes - beeswax, spermaceti, lanolin, artificial waxes. Spermaceti is obtained by freezing sperm whale lard, lanolin - after washing sheep's wool. From petroleum products, paraffin, ceresin, perfume oil are used.

Assortment classification

The range of perfumes is very large, about 300 women's and 200 perfumes are developed annually in the world. men's fragrances. According to GOST, perfumery products are divided into “Extra” perfumes, perfumes, toilet waters, “Extra” colognes, colognes, fragrant waters.

Perfume and toilet waters - water-alcohol solutions of fragrant substances; they are produced on an oil, wax basis and dry perfumes (sachets)

Colognes, scented waters- are used as hygiene, refreshing and flavoring agents.

Perfume deodorants- are used as flavoring, hygienic and antimicrobial agents.

Perfume by quality is divided into the class "Lux" ( french perfume), the “Extra” group of normal quality and analogue perfumes. Domestic spirits - groups "Extra".

Eau de Parfum is basically the name of French perfumery. An example is the domestic perfumery water “Heart of the Ocean” (“New Dawn”). Perfumery water - more easy option perfume, the smell is long enough.

Toilet waters are more characteristic of French perfumery. Domestic toilet waters are represented by the Flowers of Russia series (Northern Lights).

Perfume analogues repeat the smells of other spirits of the "Lux" class. Perfume analogues are produced for mass consumption, they are cheaper, and they indicate the smell of which perfume they imitate.

Colognes are created for hygienic purposes and for aromatization, they are intended mainly for men. Domestic perfumery produces colognes of the “Extra” group - Treasure Island, classic colognes: “Chypre”, “Carnation”, “Citrus”, “Triple”, “Jasmine”.

A significant place in perfumery is occupied by deodorants, which are available in aerosol packages.

By the nature of smells there are: floral and fantasy.

By gender and age, the range of perfumery products is divided into women's, men's, universal and children's.

Perfumery and cosmetic products are:

by place of origin (French, American)

- by manufacturing firms "Christian Dior", "Lankom", "Yves Rocher"

By consistency: liquid, dry, on oil based and hard (waxy)

They are produced in the form of perfume sets, in series (deodorant, cologne and shaving lotion).

Types of classification:

according to the all-Russian classifier of products

Certification system for perfumery and cosmetic products

Perfumes and cosmetics are classified according to their purpose:

Face and body care products

hair care products

decorative cosmetics.

Skin care products.

Cosmetics: creams, shadows, masks, creams for oily or dry skin, for all skin types, for night, day care.

For men: shaving products, pre-shave and post-shave products (creams, lotions, balms, aftershave jellies).

Body care products: creams, balms, lip balms; creams, lotions, hand gels; foot care products.

Cosmetic protective equipment : cream, lotion, milk from sunburn; after-sun care products.

Therapeutic and preventive means: antiperspirants - substances that reduce sweating, means for strengthening and growing nails, for brittle and exfoliating nails, bath salts, anti-acne, dandruff, etc.

Special cosmetics: creams for massage, depilatory, bleaching agents.

Cleansing products: scrubs, peeling products - the new kind cosmetics. Scrubs are produced for the skin of the face, for the feet, for the whole body, creams, cleansing masks, lotions, tonics.

Lotion contains alcohol. For example lotion "Cucumber", "Rose water".

Toilet soap

Toilet soap is divided into groups: “Extra”, “1”, “2”, groups and children. Soap assortment: “Gift”, “Cosmetic”, “Coniferous”, “Bath”, “Strawberry”, “Lilac”, “Baby”, “Pinocchio”, “Imported soap”, “Camay”, “Sorti”, “Lux ”, “Duru”.

Hair and scalp care products.

Means for washing the head and hair care.

Diverse by gender and age (for all age groups, for men, for children), by name, by special action. Shampoos are distinguished by name (hair type): for all types of hair, for normal, for oily, for colored.

Conditioners - conditioners, rinses, balms - products are rubbed into the skin after washing. Shampoos produce "Two in One", shampoo-balm "Three in One".

Means for coloring hair.

Subdivided into chemical and natural (Henna, Basma); unstable (foams, mascara, tint balms); relatively durable and persistent. There are 10 primary colors (from light blond to black).

Hair Styling and Hair Preservation Products- varnishes, mousses, liquids, foams, gels, creams (sprays).

Scalp care products- lotions, creams, masks, oils, balms - nourishing the scalp.

Decorative cosmetics.

Decorative cosmetics for lips- lipstick, contour pencil, lip gloss. Lipsticks come in a variety of colors. Lipsticks are divided into ordinary and persistent (“Max Factor”, “L’oreal”, etc.).

Decorative cosmetics for the face- powder, blush, foundation creams, cream powder, compact powder, concealer pencils.

Decorative eye products- eye shadow, different in color, shades (matte, shiny, mother-of-pearl); eyeliner, eyeliner, mascara. Mascara can be ordinary, nourishing, giving volume, lengthening eyelashes; different colors.

Decorative nail products– varnishes, thinners, varnish solvents, fixatives, cuticle removers.

Oral hygiene products.

Toothpastes, gels, tooth elixirs, tooth powders, deodorants.

The range of toothpastes is divided into:

As prescribed for treatment-and-prophylactic, hygienic, whitening

By used abrasive components into low-abrasive, abrasive, combined (according to Aqua fresh)

By age: for adults and for children.

Medical additives (anti-inflammatory, anti-stomatitis, saline, anti-caries) are introduced into therapeutic and prophylactic toothpastes. Toothpastes are divided into foaming and non-foaming.

Tooth powders “Children's”, “Pearl”, “Mint”, “Special”, are intended mainly for healthy teeth.

Quality indicators of perfumery and cosmetic products.

Perfumes, colognes and fragrant waters should be transparent, without sediment and turbidity, not leave stains on the fabric, and have a stable, pleasant smell. Vials should be made of high-quality glass of the required shape and capacity, beautifully designed and hermetically sealed. They produce perfumery products without dividing into varieties.

Good-quality cosmetic products have a pleasant smell, uniform consistency. They should not contain substances harmful to the body. Creams should not have grains, lumps, flakes.

Lipstick does not melt, is easy to apply on the lips, evenly stains, has a smooth, shiny surface and does not crumble.

The powder should be finely ground, uniform in color, lay down evenly. thin layer, do not crumble and give the skin a matte finish, cosmetic products are not divided into varieties.

Toilet soap.

Solid toilet soap should be of a homogeneous consistency, without cracks, stains, plaque, hard to the touch, not crumble, with a pleasant smell. In water at room temperature give a rich and stable foam. Liquid soap should be transparent, free of sediment and turbidity.

Packaging, labeling, storage.

perfume liquids packaged in glass, porcelain, polymer bottles. Perfume bottles are packaged in beautifully designed cases. Boxes are used as shipping containers. Vials can be packed in group containers. Such packages are placed in cardboard boxes. Cases with bottles are wrapped in paper in several pieces and then in boxes. Boxes paste over paper tapes. On the box on both sides the word "TOP". On the transport container it is indicated: “Caution, fragile”, “Do not turn over the top”, “Afraid of dampness”.

Labels are used to mark perfume liquids. Shrink PVC labels are widely used; after heating, they tightly fit the glass and become invisible. For perfumery products, the name of the product is indicated on the front side of the label. Information for the consumer should be written in Russian: the name of the product, the name of the country of manufacture and the manufacturer, legal address, composition, production volume, month and year of production, shelf life and bar code of the product.

Perfumes are stored at temperatures not lower than +5°C and not higher than 25°C.

Cosmetic products.

Cosmetic creams are packed in plastic jars various shapes. Packaging and transportation is similar to perfumery. Stored in dry warehouses. Shelf life is 12 months, liquid and bio-creams - 6 months, imported creams - at least 2 years.

Toilet soap.

Toilet soap is produced without a wrapper and in a wrapper. Soap is packed in a single-layer wrapper. Toilet soap is packed in a group container - cardboard boxes, packs. On the surface of the piece indicate the mass in g., the trademark of the manufacturer, the group of soap. On the label, in addition, the name of the soap, information about the manufacturer, and the date of production are indicated. On the transport container, the sign “Afraid of dampness” is applied. Store in dry, closed, well-ventilated areas. When storing soap boxes should be stacked in stacks, no more than 2 meters high. Shelf life 6 months.

Toothpaste.

Packed in aluminum or polymer tubes of various shapes.

Hair care products.

Packed in different types containers - glass bottles, plastic bottles, jars. Shelf life 12 months.

Sale of perfumery and cosmetic products.

When selling perfumery and cosmetic products, the buyer should be given the opportunity to get acquainted with the various properties of the products offered. For example, to get acquainted with the smell of perfumes, colognes, toilet water use strips of special paper.

The functioning of the packaging of perfumery products is subject to verification.

Information about perfumery and cosmetic products, in addition to other information, should contain: information about the purpose and ingredients included in the composition of the products, the effect they have, contraindications for use. The seller is obliged to bring information about the certification of goods.

Services offered by the seller in connection with the sale of goods may be provided only with the consent of the buyer.

References

1. Chalykh T.I., Pankina N.A. - "Commodity research and organization of trade in non-food products."

2. V.I. Barchenkova - "Fundamentals of commodity science of non-food products."

3. Novikova A.M., Golubkin T.S. – “Commodity research and organization of trade in food products”, 2003.

4. A. Melnikov - "Commodity researcher of food products", 2004

5. A.A. Kolesnik, B.I. Khomutov - "Commodity research of food products", 2003.

6. Kirakozova N.Sh., Katkova T.F. - "Handbook of the seller of food products", 2000.

7. Pambukhchiyants O.V. – “Technology of retail trade”.

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