Vitamins are biocatalysts of chemical reactions in the body that occur during the construction and renewal of living tissues, and the regulation of metabolism.
In total, 13 vitamins necessary for the human body were noted. Most vitamins cannot be synthesized and accumulated in the body, so their constant intake with food is necessary. At the same time, each vitamin is needed in a certain amount, a significant excess or deficiency of which can lead to disturbances in the functioning of the organs and systems of the body of varying severity. A lack of vitamins is called hypovitaminosis, and an excess is called hypervitaminosis. In fresh, unprocessed foods, vitamins are found in the right amount and in a form that is easily absorbed and easily excreted from the body with an excess. Vitamins are divided into fat-soluble (A, D, E and K) and water-soluble (C, vitamins of group B,). There are also vitamin-like substances that can be produced in the human body, or are similar to vitamins in function (choline, vitamin U, vitamin H (biotin), B5 (pantothenic acid), B15 (pangamic acid), B13 (orotic acid), N ( lipoic acid, lipamide), F (a mixture of esters of linoleic and linolenic acids).Let's look at the purpose and role of each of the vitamins.
Pectins, gums, mucus, and some hemicelluloses dissolve in water and are sometimes referred to as soluble cells. By at least Some of the fiber in oat and rice bran is soluble fiber. Cellulose, most hemicelluloses and lignins are insoluble in water and are known as insoluble fibers. Wheat bran, for example, is mostly insoluble fiber.
Main sources: fish oil, caviar, liver and meat, egg yolk, animal fats and oils
The main difference between indigestible polysaccharides and starch is that in both soluble and insoluble fiber, the chemical bonds that hold individual molecules together as a chain are resistant to the processes of the human digestive system. Thus, they provide little food energy for the body. Humans cannot digest grass because it is basically an indigestible carbohydrate complex. Cows and sheep can use grass as food because their stomachs contain bacteria that digest these carbohydrates, releasing simple sugars that are absorbed into the animal's "blood streams".
Vitamin A (or retinol) is a fat soluble vitamin. Retinol supports the immune system. The health of the skin, teeth, bones, hair is impossible without vitamin A. The condition of the lungs and urinary tract largely depends on vitamin A. Retinol is very useful for vision. Vitamin A contributes proper development children's body. It is better absorbed with fat (oil) and does not dissolve in water. But when cooking and processing food, 15-35% of retinol is lost. This must be taken into account when preparing foods rich in vitamin A.
Although fiber has little energy for humans, it seems that the colon needs to function at its peak. In general, high-fiber foods include cartilage and cereals, fruits, vegetables, beans, peas, and nuts. Fruit skins, seeds, berries, and cereal bran are richer sources of fiber than the rest of these foods.
Fats are a large family of compounds that are primarily composed of the elements carbon and hydrogen with a small amount of oxygen. The main fat in food is triglyceride, a glycerol molecule with three fatty acids. Foods that are almost pure fat include vegetable oil, lard, butter, margarine, and shortening. Foods containing a significant amount of fat include meat, dairy products, chocolate, cakes, pies, cookies, nuts, and several fruits and vegetables - coconut and avocado, for example.
Vitamin B1 (thiamine) is a crystalline, water-soluble substance with a yeasty odor and no color.
Vitamin B1 Functions:
§ responsible for activities nervous system
§ has a positive effect on muscle function
§ Regulates amino acid and carbohydrate metabolism
§ supports the functioning of the gastrointestinal tract and liver
One of the characteristics of fats is that they do not mix or dissolve in water. Instead, fat molecules tend to cluster. Together with other fatty molecules. Fats are soluble in organic solvents such as benzene or ether.
Fatty acids are different sizes, and all fat in foods contains a mixture of these various fatty acids. Some fatty acids contain as few as 4 carbon atoms, while others are made up of as many as 20 or more chains in a line. Another way in which fatty acids differ from one another is in the number of hydrogen atoms they contain per carbon atom. For example, the four fatty acids shown in FIG. 4 contain 16 or 18 carbon atoms and 2 oxygen atoms. Oleic, linoleic and linolenic acids contain 18 carbon atoms and 2 oxygen atoms, but they have different numbers of hydrogen atoms.
§ Indirectly prevents the occurrence of cardiovascular diseases
§ strengthens the immune system
Thiamine is synthesized by the intestinal microflora, but in insufficient quantities.
The maximum content of thiamine is in plant products: cereals, cereals, legumes, bran, grain sprouts, nuts, rose hips, potatoes, cabbage.
Cholesterol exists in animal products and in the body, where it is an important component of many tissues, especially the brain and nervous system. Cholesterol is found in all cells of the body as part of the structure of cell membranes. Cholesterol is not an essential nutrient as the body can produce whatever it needs. Cholesterol is not found in plant foods. Because cholesterol does not dissolve in water, it travels through the bloodstream in clusters of molecules made up of fat and protein called lipoproteins.
|
Vitamin PP ensures the flow of redox processes in the body: it is involved in the reactions of energy production from fat and sugar. It prevents the occurrence of cardiovascular diseases: very effectively regulates the level of cholesterol in the blood, reduces the effects of lipoprotein, which leads to blood clots. Vitamin PP is able to reduce the level of triglycerides, which provoke the occurrence of hypertension and diabetes. Nicotinic acid supports the normal functioning of the nervous system, facilitates the course of migraine and prevents its occurrence. Vitamin PP ensures the activity of the gastrointestinal tract, relieves inflammation of the mucous membranes, participates in the production of gastric juice and in the processes of moving food, activates the pancreas and liver. Nicotinic acid plays important role in the formation of red blood cells and the synthesis of hemoglobin. Vitamin PP is the only vitamin that takes part in the formation hormonal background organism. It is an integral part in the process of synthesis of hormones of various systems and organs: thyroxine, insulin, cortisone, testosterone, estrogen, progesterone. Nicotinic acid can be synthesized in the human body from tryptophan (an essential amino acid). Sources of vitamin PP of animal origin: white chicken meat, kidneys and liver, cheese, fish, eggs. Plant sources of nicotinic acid: peanuts, mushrooms, green pea, potatoes, tomatoes, legumes, brewer's yeast, some herbs.
Most cholesterol in the body is carried by three types of lipoproteins: lipoprotein high density, low density lipoprotein and very low density lipoprotein. Medical experts believe that general level serum cholesterol below 200 milligrams per deciliter.
If carbohydrates and fat are the body's energy sources, then proteins are the building blocks of the body. Hair, skin, nails, and muscles are mostly proteins, and bone also contains significant amounts of protein. Certain proteins, called enzymes, perform countless tasks. chemical reactions needed to produce energy to keep your body working and produce thousands of different molecules found in muscles, bones, skin, hair and organs.
Vitamin B4 (choline)- a vitamin-like substance that is responsible for vital functions in the human body and significantly supports health. Choline is a chemical compound of nitrogen, similar to ammonia. It is able to be synthesized in the body and in the tissues of the body it contains much more than other vitamins.
Protein is made up of small chemical units called amino acids. Amino acids are made up of the elements carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sometimes sulfur. There are 20 different amino acids that, when combined with each other in varying amounts and combinations, make up thousands of different proteins in the human body. The body can do enough of everything except 9 of them, the so-called essential amino acids.
For vinaigrettes and borscht
In practice, protein is the only source of essential amino acids in the diet. When you eat a piece of chicken, your digestive system breaks down the protein molecules in that piece of chicken muscle into individual amino acids. They are absorbed into the bloodstream and transported to all cells of the body. Enzymes and other biological molecules inside the cell assemble amino acids into the proteins that the cell needs.
Functions and properties of choline:
§ Supports the activity of the nervous system and prevents its disorders.
§ Actively participates in the metabolism and breakdown of fats, helps to restore damaged liver tissues, and prevents the formation of gallstones.
§ Reduces the risk of cardiovascular disease: able to normalize heart rate, strengthen the heart muscle, lower blood cholesterol levels.
The body does not contain a significant amount of amino acids, so we must eat protein regularly. Meat is a rich source of protein, as muscle is protein with fat mixed in. Beans, nuts, and cereal grains are also good sources of protein.
Vitamins are a diverse group of compounds that the body requires in small amounts to stay healthy. They are used in a variety of biochemical processes. Some of the functions of vitamins are listed along with food sources in Table 2. When they were first discovered at the beginning of the century, vitamins were classified according to whether they were dissolved in water. Water-soluble vitamins are a vitamin. Fat-soluble vitamins are found together with fats in foods, and they are also absorbed from the digestive tract.
§ Takes an active part in carbohydrate metabolism, regulating blood sugar levels
§ Plays an important role in human reproductive function. Vitamin B4 supports the activity of the prostate gland, especially in old age, and improves sperm motility.
§ Is the most important building material brain and has a positive effect on mental abilities.
The body can store different amounts of fat-soluble vitamins. It is possible to consume too much of some fat-soluble vitamins for them to accumulate in the body to toxic levels. Some vitamins are produced in the body. Bacteria that live in the human gut produce vitamin K, which is then absorbed into the bloodstream. However, take a large number of of these vitamins is useless, since the excess is transferred into the bloodstream to the kidneys and excreted in the urine. Like vitamins, minerals play different roles in the body.
The largest number choline is found in egg yolk. Of the products of animal origin, the liver, kidneys, cheese, and cottage cheese are also rich in vitamin. Plant Sources of Vitamin B4: peanut butter, soybeans, some leafy vegetables (spinach, cabbage).
Vitamin B5 (pantothenic acid, calcium pantothenate)- we will well dissolve in water. It is nontoxical, it is easily removed from an organism. It is part of coenzyme A - a substance involved in the most important biochemical processes in the body. Without vitamin B5, the oxidation and biosynthesis of fatty acids, the synthesis of lipids, steroid hormones and the oxygen carrier - hemoglobin are not complete. Pantothenic acid is a powerful stimulator of the synthesis of adrenal hormones. This property allows it to be used to treat arthritis, cardiovascular diseases and allergic conditions. Vitamin B5 is also necessary for the absorption of other vitamins and for normal functioning. immune system, since it takes part in the synthesis of antibodies. In addition, this ubiquitous compound partially suppresses the formation of “bad” cholesterol and accelerates the process of fat breakdown (lipolysis), preventing their accumulation in fat depots. Its main sources for humans are the liver, yeast, egg yolk and green parts of plants. Pantothenic acid is also synthesized by the intestinal microflora.
Some minerals, such as calcium and phosphorus, are present in relatively large amounts in the body and are sometimes referred to as macrominerals. Other minerals, such as iron and copper, are needed in much smaller amounts and are called micronutrients. The three macrominerals sodium, potassium and chloride are sometimes referred to as electrolytes because they help maintain the correct electrical balance in cells and body fluids. Some of the functions of minerals are listed along with food sources in Table 3.
While all the other nutrients discussed so far are relatively large molecules, minerals are simple chemical substances, consisting of individual atoms or salts, consisting of several atoms. Salts are associations of positive and negative components called ions. Table salt, for example, is made from positively charged sodium ions and negatively charged chloride ions - the chemical name for table salt is sodium chloride.
Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine)- very important for the life of the body, especially for children on artificial feeding, pregnant women and people who have used antibiotics for a long time.
Vitamin B6 is quite stable: it is resistant to heat and oxygen, but is destroyed by light.
Functions of vitamin B6 in the human body:
Table salt dissolves in water, it separates again into sodium and chloride ions. Sodium bicarbonate is the salt we call baking soda. In this book, the term "salt" will refer only to the sodium chloride compound. All other salts will be referred to by their chemical names.
For most of human history, finding enough food has been the main activity. earthly people. Our early ancestors were hunter-gatherers, looking for edible plants and killing random animals. Two things have happened to change a person's diet. For the first time, dairy products and grains were part of the diet, and meat supplies became more predictable. The second important change was accompanied by the industrial revolution of the late eighteenth century. The growth of factories gave birth to a new middle class merchants and managers who had the money to afford a variety of products.
§ Strengthens the immune system: improves the quality and quantity of the body's defenses (antibodies). Pyridoxine also ensures the normal production of T-cells - an indicator of the functionality of the immune system.
§ Supports the health of the cardiovascular system, prevents the formation of blood clots, reduces the likelihood of developing a heart attack, stroke, atherosclerosis, and is able to regulate blood pressure.
This demand encouraged farmers to improve their methods and grow more diverse crops. As a result, the amount of food available to all people, both the middle class and the poor, has increased. At the same time, food prices have dropped significantly.
Today, 95 percent of all Americans depend on others to produce, process, and distribute food in supermarkets. What we can eat depends largely on what we can afford to buy. Today, refrigerated wagons, trucks and cargo planes make seasonal products affordable. all year round. The grocery store has a cornucopia of canned, frozen, fermented, and dried foods.
§ Takes an active part in the metabolism of amino acids, protein and fat metabolism. Pyridoxine with the participation of folic acid is able to normalize cholesterol metabolism.
§ Together with other substances, it participates in the process of hematopoiesis: the formation of red blood cells and the synthesis of heme (part of hemoglobin), which is necessary to prevent the development of anemia.
As well as products that are not seen anywhere in nature, which come from our country's food laboratories, such as "fruit" drinks, which have no fruit juice and "meat" from soybeans or wheat gluten. world. Considering the changes that have taken place in the US food supply this century, it is surprising that Americans today have about the same calorie levels as our grandparents did at the turn of the century. At the same time, we believe more than our grandparents, suggesting that we don't get as much exercise as was once common.
§ Regulates the activity of the nervous system, increases the efficiency of the brain, improves memory.
§ Has a lipotropic effect: ensures the normal functioning of the liver.
Plant foods are especially rich in pyridoxine: sprouted grains, nuts, spinach, potatoes, cabbage, carrots, beans, tomatoes, cherries, strawberries, lemons, oranges. Pyridoxine is also present in dairy and meat products, liver, eggs, fish. In addition, vitamin B6 is able to be synthesized by the intestinal microflora.
The source of calories in the food supply has changed. The amount of polyunsaturated fatty acids and monounsaturated. Department of Agriculture. Nutrition monitoring in the United States. Today, Americans consume about 385 mg of cholesterol per day, which is probably less than our grandparents because we consume fewer eggs and less butter than they did. Today, more than half of carbohydrate calories come from sugar, with less than half from starches.
Calories from protein have remained fairly constant over this century, accounting for about 17 percent of total calories. The largest share of calories comes from grain products and meat, poultry and fish. Fats, sweets, and drinks combine as many calories as fruits and vegetables or dairy products. Over the years, Americans have also changed their eating patterns. While breakfast was the most important meal of the day, today only 53 percent of adults - and only 85 percent of children age five or younger - eat breakfast.
Vitamin B7 (Vitamin H, Biotin)- participates in the formation of fatty acids and some biologically active substances. Able to be produced by intestinal microflora, but this is not enough to meet the body's need for vitamin H.
Functions of vitamin H in the human body:
§ Regulates blood sugar levels and is very important for carbohydrate metabolism. Controls the processes of gluconeogenesis, being responsible for the participation of glucose in metabolism.
§ Plays an important role in protein digestion and fat burning.
§ Contains sulfur, which is very important for the health of hair, nails and skin - biotin is also called the "beauty vitamin".
§ Necessary for the normal functioning of the nervous system.
§ Takes part in the synthesis of beneficial intestinal flora.
Interestingly, biotin is found in varying amounts in almost all foods. However, its maximum is in nuts, boiled eggs, soybeans, liver and kidneys of large domestic animals, yeast, milk. Spinach, cabbage, red beets are rich in vitamin H from vegetables. Biotin is also found in champignons and porcini mushrooms, strawberry and blueberry leaves, and fruits.
Vitamin B8 (Inositol) belongs to the group of vitamin-like substances. It does not decompose under the action of alkalis and acids, and when heated, it is only partially destroyed. Vitamin B8 stimulates the liver, providing a lipotropic effect (prevents the development of fatty degeneration of the liver), helps reduce blood cholesterol and strengthen blood vessels - capillaries, and normalizes the state of the nervous system. Inositol is involved in the regulation motor activity intestines and stomach, and is also a growth stimulator of certain bacteria. For athletes, inositol is of interest as a substance that activates active fat metabolism. Vitamin B8 has also been found to have a beneficial effect on hair health by preventing hair loss. Vitamin B8 is found in many foods various origins: vegetable and animal. The best natural sources are sesame oil, bran, brewer's yeast, beef heart and brain. Secondary sources are melon and grapefruit, gooseberries and blackberries, raisins, cabbage and wheat ovary.
Vitamin B9 ( vitamin B-c, folic acid, vitamin M)- a water-soluble vitamin that is easily destroyed during processing and cooking. healthy person can be synthesized independently by the intestinal microflora.
Beneficial features folic acid:
§ Regulates the processes of hematopoiesis, participates in the synthesis of hemoglobin and the production of red blood cells, reduces the level of cholesterol in the blood. Prevents the development of hyperchromic anemia and atherosclerosis.
§ Regulates the processes of inhibition and excitation of the nervous system, prevents the occurrence of stressful conditions.
§ Improves the functioning of the intestines and liver, stimulates the production of hydrochloric acid in the stomach, normalizes appetite.
§ Plays an important role in the development of pregnancy: reduces the risk of miscarriages, premature birth, postpartum hemorrhage. Vitamin B9 is an integral participant in the formation of vital systems and organs of the unborn child, it is involved in the process of growth and reproduction of cells in the body.
§ Takes part in carbohydrate, protein and fat metabolism, enzymatic reactions.
The main sources of vitamin B9 of plant origin: cabbage, spinach, legumes, lettuce, green peas, beans, green onions, beets, carrots, tomatoes, wholemeal flour. Also, folic acid is found in the kidneys, liver, cheese, caviar, cottage cheese, egg yolk, brewer's yeast.
Vitamin B10 (Para-aminobenzoic acid). Its main function is participation in the synthesis of folic acid, normalization of metabolism in connective tissue, melanin metabolism, etc.
The effect of vitamin B10 on the human body is interconnected with the hormones that are produced thyroid gland, ovaries and adrenal glands. It increases the body's resistance to the action of ultraviolet rays, poisons, infectious agents and oxygen starvation. Biological role para-aminobenzoic acid is still insufficiently studied. It is known that it is involved in the synthesis of folic acid and is present as a component in the molecules of folic and folinic acids, participates in the formation of red blood cells, preventing the development of anemia. Helps the absorption of fats and protein, has lactogenic properties - helps the production of milk in nursing mothers. Para-aminobenzoic acid improves skin tone, prevents premature fading. This compound is used in almost all sunscreen lotions and creams. Under the influence of ultraviolet rays, the acid undergoes transformations that help to synthesize substances that stimulate the production of melanin, the pigment that provides the appearance of a tan. Vitamin B10 maintains the natural color of the hair and ensures their growth. The daily requirement for this vitamin not installed. Experts proceed from the fact that if a sufficient amount of folic acid enters the body, then its need for Vitamin B10 is replenished. The content of vitamin B10 in food (in mg per 100 g of product): potatoes - 0.04, milk - 0.01 , vegetables - 0.02, eggs - 0.04, dry brewer's yeast - 0.9-5.9.
Vitamin B11 (Carnitine)- Plays an important role as a coenzyme in fat metabolism. It is present in its natural form (L-carnitine) in almost all cells of the body, is responsible for the oxidation and transport of fatty acids for use as an energy source. The fatty acids necessary for maintaining cellular energy are not able to independently penetrate into the mitochondria. It is as their carrier that carnitine acts. Carnitine reduces fat deposits in the muscles, thereby contributing to weight loss. Carnitine supports the functions of the cardiovascular system. Its low content in the heart muscle reduces its ability to contract, thus. disrupting blood circulation in the body. Carnitine can protect the heart from coronary disease, relieve an attack of angina pectoris. It is also used for the prevention of heart attack, atherosclerosis, hypertension, stroke. It promotes the development of muscle tissue. Also, carnitine is necessary to strengthen the nervous system, with increased physical activity, PMS, for cancer prevention. It is recommended for CFS (syndrome chronic fatigue), because it increases the tone, raises the efficiency of the body. Another important function of carnitine is its ability to cleanse the body. It interacts with various toxins, which are then excreted through the kidneys. Carnitine is used to treat hyperactivity syndrome, depression, Alzheimer's disease, cardiomyopathy and congestive heart failure, diabetes, cardiac arrhythmias, alcoholism, HIV and AIDS, gastrointestinal diseases with secretory insufficiency, fatty liver, obesity. A large amount of carnitine is found in poultry, dairy products, red meat, fish, avocados.
Vitamin B12 (cyanocobalamin, cobalamin)- ensures the normal activity of folic acid, is involved in the processing of fats, carbohydrates and proteins, is important for cell growth and the normal formation of blood cells. Foods rich in vitamin B12 - tongue, beef, pork, liver, eggs, nuts, milk, shellfish, dairy products , cheese (they are all high in cholesterol and/or fat), fish, peas, beans, lentils. Vitamin B12 is not destroyed by heat treatment.
Vitamin B13 (orotic acid, uracil carboxylic acid, potassium orotate) is a growth factor for some microorganisms. But it is still not a true vitamin, because. its synthesis in sufficient quantity occurs in the intestines of humans and animals.
Orotic acid is involved in the synthesis of methionine. By stimulating protein metabolism in the body, it helps to normalize liver function, accelerate the recovery of its cells, and regenerates hepatocytes; very positive effect on fetal growth during pregnancy. Potassium orotate is needed for the metabolism of vitamin B12 and folic acid, which are necessary for normal hematopoiesis, which is why it is important for the treatment of anemia.
Potassium orotate is also prescribed for better tolerance of antibiotics, delagil, rezoquin, sulfonamides, steroid hormones. Orotic acid and its salts are participants in the synthesis of nucleic acids and, thus, they act as stimulants in the formation of protein and in growth processes, help to transform folic acid in the citrovorum factor, support the effect of cyanocobalamin, suppress hypercholesterolemia, increase myocardial contractility. The preparation of potassium orotate improves the tolerance of cardiac glycosides, promotes the growth of diuresis. The main sources of vitamin B13 are yeast, milk and dairy products, liver. Orotic acid was first isolated from animal sources.
Vitamin B15 (pangamic acid) - it is a water-soluble compound with vitamin-like properties.
Vitamin B15 has lipotropic properties - it normalizes lipid metabolism, reduces the risk of developing liver diseases. For those involved in physical education and sports, it is important to know: pangamic acid improves fat metabolism, helps tissues use oxygen, plays an important role in the synthesis of creatinine phosphate, which is necessary for muscle function and energy metabolism in general, during physical work reduces muscle fatigue. Vitamin B15 is a stimulant of the adrenal glands and immune responses, has anti-inflammatory properties, and has a vasodilating effect.
Daily rate pangamic acid and content in products
The need for children under 3 years - 50 mg, 3 - 7 years - 100 mg, 7 - 14 years - 150 mg, in an adult in pangamic acid - 100-300 mg per day. Pangamic acid is most effective when taken in combination with vitamins A and E.
Vitamin B15 is found in the seeds of plants, in connection with which it was given the name - pangamic acid (from the Greek pan - everywhere, gamy - seed). It is also found in the bran and liver of animals.
Quiz "Vitamins from the garden"
Leading. The postman brought us a letter from Carlson to the class. "Hello, friends! I am writing my letter from the hospital. My health has deteriorated, my head hurts, there are stars in my eyes, my whole body is sluggish. The doctor says I need to eat right. I made a menu for lunch: lemonade cake, chips, jam and Pepsi-Cola. This is my favorite food. I guess I'll be well soon. Your Carlson.
Did Carlson make the menu correctly? Will these foods help him recover? What does your mother (grandmother, doctor) advise you to eat when you are sick? What is usually brought to the hospital when a patient is visited? That's right, fruits and vegetables, berries or juices from them. And why?
In order to be healthy, you need to eat a variety of foods. What does "varied" mean? No product provides all nutrients which are necessary to maintain good health. Some products give the body energy to move, think well, not get tired (honey, buckwheat, oatmeal, raisins, oil).
Others help build the body and make it stronger (cottage cheese, fish, meat, eggs, nuts). And still others - fruits and vegetables - contain many vitamins and minerals, which help the body grow and develop (greens, berries, cabbage, carrots, bananas).
Reference:Vitamin - an organic substance necessary for the normal functioning of the body, as well as a preparation containing such substances.
Ozhegov's dictionary
Most vitamins are not formed in the human body and do not accumulate, but only come with food. That is why berries, vegetables and fruits should be on the menu of children, and especially the sick, regularly.
Leading. Do we know everything about what we grow in the beds? The quiz questions will help to check this. But first, I want to introduce you to some interesting information, on the basis of which the questions were compiled. If you listen carefully, you will be sure to answer all the quiz questions.
A crossword is projected onto the screen. The teacher makes riddles about vegetables in order (1 - 9). The image of the named vegetable is attached to the board.
| 2 | ||||||||||||||||
1.
1. “Before we ate it, everyone had time to cry.” (Onion.)
In the Middle Ages, the bulb was attributed wonderful property- protect warriors from arrows and swords. The knights wore a talisman on their chest - an ordinary onion. Therefore, one of the types of onions was called the “Victory Bow”.
At all times, among all peoples, onions were attributed medicinal properties. The Eastern peoples had a saying: "Bow, in your arms any disease passes." And what saying about onions do the Slavic peoples have? That's right, "Onion from seven ailments."
Already in the Middle Ages, doctors claimed that even the smell of onions protects against disease. The Soviet scientist P. Botkin found that putrefactive and pathogenic bacteria, and even frogs and rats, die from volatile substances emitted by onions. It is enough to chew onion for 3 minutes to kill all the bacteria in the mouth. Eat wonderful recipe therapeutic salad, which is useful to eat at the first sign of a cold: cut a large onion into half rings, sprinkle a little with salt and sugar; when the onion gives juice, pour over vegetable oil and mix. Let it brew for half an hour. Eat with bread.
2. “And a bush grew green and thick in the garden. Dig a little: under a bush ... (potatoes)."
The homeland of the potato is South America. There are many funny stories connected with the history of the potato.
Back in the 16th century, an admiral brought the first potatoes from America to England. The owner decided to treat his friends with overseas food, but the cook, out of ignorance, did not cook the tubers, but fried the leaves and stems in oil. The guests found the new dish disgusting. The angry admiral ordered the destruction of the plant planted on his estate. Potato bushes were burned, but baked tubers were found in the ashes. Everyone loved the baked potatoes. Since then, potatoes began to spread in England.
Many interesting things were written about the pharmacist Parmentier. Potato flowers, brought by him to the royal palace, caused a storm of enthusiasm. The king himself began to wear them on his chest, and the queen decorated her hair with them.
In Russia, potatoes entered everyday life with great difficulty. The peasants considered it a sin to eat it, they called it "damn apples." Many peasants went to hard labor, but refused to grow potatoes.
Potato planting game. Children stand in two columns. In children standing first, in the hands of a bag with 5-6 potatoes. Opposite the columns, 5-6 circles are drawn in a row. On a signal, the first players run to their circles, lay out the potatoes one by one in a circle, return and pass the empty bags to the next. They run to the circles, collect potatoes in bags, return and pass them to the next players in turn. Thus, some plant potatoes, others harvest them. The column wins, all the players of which complete the task first.
3. “What a creak, what a crunch? What is this bush?
How can I be without a crunch if I ... (cabbage) ”.
Large round heads of cabbage resemble a head. The name "cabbage" comes from the Latin word "ca put", which means head. Cabbage was known to the inhabitants of ancient Egypt. Egyptians served boiled cabbage at the end of the meal as a sweet dish.
Cabbage has become the basis of Russian national dishes. The great commander A.V. Suvorov loved "boiling" Russian cabbage soup.
Cabbage is very useful, despite the fact that it contains a lot (up to 90%) of water. Its juice improves digestion. Cabbage contains a lot of vitamin C.
4. “For a curly tuft, a fox was dragged from a mink.
It feels very smooth to the touch, it tastes like sugar sweet.” (Carrot)
In the Middle Ages, carrots were considered a delicacy of dwarfs, fabulous little men. There was a belief: if in the evening you take a bowl of steamed carrots to the forest, then in the morning you will find a bar of gold instead of carrots. At night, the gnomes will eat carrots and pay generously for their favorite food.
For four thousand years, carrots have been eaten. In our time, many different varieties of carrots have been obtained in taste, shape and color. Many people know the variety of the smallest carrot, called carotelia. But there are carrots up to 1 m long and as wide as large beets. Such carrots are cultivated in China and Japan. For it, the soil is cultivated to a depth of 1.5 m.
Game "Give the rabbit a carrot." To play, you need a target on which a rabbit's head is drawn. The player becomes 4-5 steps from the target, they blindfold him and give him a carrot in his hands. You need to go to the rabbit and give him a carrot.)
5. “The golden head is large, heavy. The golden head lay down to rest. The head is large, only the neck is thin. (Pumpkin)
You can tell a lot of interesting things about the pumpkin. In Central Asia, various dishes are made from pumpkins: bottles, buckets, spoons. Large pumpkins store grain and cereals. In Africa, in rainy weather, travelers hide their clothes in a pumpkin. Pumpkins are also used when crossing the river, constructing a raft from them.
In India, pumpkins are originally used to catch monkeys. Having drilled a small hole in a large gourd, the Indians pour some rice or other seeds into it. Vigilant monkeys are extremely curious and greedy. As soon as people have time to hide, the monkeys quickly descend from the tree, rush to the pumpkins and, noticing the hole, put their paw into it. What's there? The paw will feel the grains of rice, pick up a handful of them. But the clenched fist does not fit into the hole, and the monkey hobbles on three legs, dragging a large pumpkin. Even when people come running, she continues to keep her fist in the pumpkin: it’s a pity to release the grains, and the hunters easily take away the greedy animal.
6. “In the garden it is long and green, and in the tub it is yellow and salty.” (Cucumber.)
Cucumber is native to India. There, wild cucumbers grow in the forest, twisting around the trees like creepers. Cucumbers are braided fences in the villages.
In China and Japan, farmers harvest various vegetables three times a year. They first grow cucumbers in boxes on the roofs, and then they plant them in the ground and tie them to stakes. Huge fruits of cucumbers 1.5 m long hang from the trellis.
In the old days, when cucumbers were very rare, the Turkish Sultan Mohammed II, cruel and greedy, once ordered his seven courtiers to open the stomachs to find out which of them had eaten one of the cucumbers sent to him as a gift.
In Russia, cucumbers have long been a favorite vegetable plant.
The game "Find by touch". Pupils are invited to find by touch and get some given vegetable out of the bag.
7. “A bush is tied to a peg, there are balls on the bush, Boka, substituting the sun, blush from the heat” (Tomatoes.)8. “Everyone recognizes the young man that grows in the garden: he is bigger than a cucumber, he is thick and smooth. He also holds on to the whip ... Come and see. (Zucchini.)
9. “Needed more than all of the vegetables
for vinaigrettes and borscht.
From the new harvest
lilac beauty." (Beet.)
Leading. Eat beets and carrots, tomatoes, onions, garlic.
Eat a lot, eat for the future. In the body, the vitamin will replace cholesterol.
Know that fruits and vegetables are best products.
And now open the workbook "Talk about proper nutrition» (p. 57 - 59, topic 12, Where to find vitamins in the spring?).
Practical task: grow green onions at home on the windowsill or sprout oats. Make vitamin salads.
Quiz questions.
1. The flowers of which plant did the Queen of France decorate her hair with? (Potatoes.)
2. What word does the name "cabbage" come from, what does it mean? (From the word "kaput" - head.)
3. What did the knights wear on their chests as a talisman? (Onion.)
4. Which vegetable plant contains 90% of water? (In cabbage.)
5. What plant is used in India to catch monkeys? (Pumpkin.)
6. What plant was considered a delicacy of dwarves in the Middle Ages? (Carrot.)
7. Where do potatoes come from? (From South America.)
8. In which country do cucumbers grow in the forest, twisting around trees like creepers? (In India.)
9. What plant is used to make dishes in Central Asia? (From a pumpkin.)
10. Pathogenic bacteria die from the volatile substances of which plant? (From onion; substances are called phytoncides.)
11. What substance is especially valued in carrots? (Carotene; getting into the human body, it turns into vitamin A.)
12. Why should we eat more vegetables? (They contain many vitamins, various salts and other substances that are beneficial to our health.)