Artificial feeding: how to properly feed a newborn with formula. Artificial feeding of newborns

The main reason why constipation occurs during artificial feeding is a violation of the child’s diet.

Regular and painless bowel movements in a baby indicate normal digestion. Regular bowel movements of a child are an individual norm and can mean bowel movements either twice a day or once every two days. The popular statement that stool should be strictly once a day is not suitable for infants - their digestive system is still unstable.

Parents' anxiety

Parents should worry when:

the child has difficulty emptying his bowels;
the process of defecation causes pain;
the stool is dense and comes out in sausages or lumps;
the frequency of bowel movements is more than two days.

The guideline for the correctness of the process is the condition of the child - if the stool is rare but painless, the baby is in good mood and plays, grows well, the problem of constipation exists only in the heads of loving parents.

Features of stool in babies

retention of stool for a day or more;
separation of dense, hard and dry feces;
defecation requiring effort;
feeling of incomplete emptying of the intestines.

Having discovered a rare stool in a baby, mothers begin to worry, often completely in vain. Stool is formed by food, and the approach to assessing its regularity in a baby who consumes almost ideal food - breast milk or an adapted milk formula - should be different. Dr. Komarovsky constantly draws the attention of parents of children to the fact that:

the more suitable formula and breast milk are for the baby, the better they are absorbed;
with good digestibility, a minimum of waste remains, which is excreted from the body in the form of feces.

Intestinal cleansing in a child depends on age and type of feeding:

the first bowel movement most often occurs after the first intake of food into the body, the stool is very dark in color, odorless, and has the consistency of a paste;
during the first days of life, stool occurs no more than 2-3 times a day and depends on feeding - breast milk forms yellow, semi-liquid stool with the smell of milk, infant formula forms denser masses with a characteristic odor;
up to three months of age, the norm for a bottle-fed baby is to have painless stools once or more per day;
As the digestive system matures in children, the number of bowel movements decreases and reaches up to twice a day at the age of 6 months. The stool should be soft and not have a sour or putrid odor.
After six months, bowel movements should be regular, no more than twice a day. Its appearance changes after the child begins to receive more varied food. The baby's feces darken, become denser, and have a specific smell.

In most cases, a bottle-fed baby should have stool at least once a day. The guideline will be the child’s well-being, normal weight gain, and absence of pain during bowel movements. Concerned parents should conduct all consultations on this matter with their treating pediatrician and adhere to his recommendations.

Constipation, types and causes

The problem with delayed bowel movement will first manifest itself in the child's behavior. An attentive mother will pay attention to the following symptoms:

moodiness and frequent crying;
poor appetite;
restless sleep;
hard, swollen tummy;
separation of gases with the smell of rot;
stool is too dense;
pressing the legs towards the stomach;
redness of the face, frequent attempts to push;
screaming and crying when defecating.

Constipation in a bottle-fed baby can be manifested by the retraction of feces that have already appeared into the anus.

Parents should pay attention to the structure of the stool and the presence of blood residues in it, consult a doctor to identify the cause of constipation and eliminate it.

The main reason for problems with stool is the imperfection of the digestive system of a child under one year old, its immaturity - digestive enzymes will begin to be produced as they grow older. Against this background, disturbances in the process of digesting food and bowel movements will inevitably be present.

Types of constipation

Depending on the cause, constipation in newborns with artificial feeding can be divided into:

physiological, which is caused by congenital disorders in the structure of the intestine and can manifest itself as the baby grows up;
functional, the cause of which is various disturbances in activity digestive tract newborn.

Congenital pathologies in intestinal disorders include too long a sigmoid loop, fusion or congenital absence of the anus, impaired innervation of the colon (Hirschsprung's disease).

Constipation in infants can be caused by insufficient intestinal motility, which is provoked by congenital disorders nervous system child, rickets, malfunction of the thyroid gland.

Delayed bowel movement may be:

one-time, or acute, called specific reason, after its elimination, quickly return to normal;
constant, or chronic, which is manifested by long-term problems with bowel movements.

Problems with stool that occur systematically indicate improper treatment of acute constipation or the existence of problems with the baby’s diet.

Causes of the condition

Constipation in a newborn with artificial feeding is most often caused by the following reasons:

incorrect selection of food mixture;
abrupt transition to new mixture;
frequent feeding with different mixtures;
drinking a small amount of water;
attempts to introduce complementary foods too early;
treatment with antibiotics;
disturbance of intestinal flora;
psychological trauma.

Quite often, children are born with physiological immaturity - they have intrauterine development by virtue of various reasons the innervation of the intestinal wall has not formed. As a result one month old baby suffers from stagnation of food in the intestines, which are not yet able to contract in a timely manner and transport food gruel to the anus. U two month old baby such a violation disappears on its own.

Violations in the selection of mixtures

Most often, constipation in children develops due to the fact that the formula for feeding the child is not selected correctly. If breastfeeding is not possible, then the formula offered to the baby should be as close as possible to human milk.

Based on the degree of similarity, infant formula is divided into three categories:

highly adapted;
poorly adapted;
limitedly adapted.

Highly adapted formulas are marked with the number 1 and most closely resemble breast milk in composition. They are recommended for feeding children up to six months. There are formulas specifically designed for feeding children with various disorders - premature babies, those with allergies to certain components of regular formulas, etc.

From six months you can switch to mixtures of low adaptation, and after a year - to limitedly adapted ones.

Pharmacies offer mixtures from various manufacturers, their prices are quite high. Recommendations for selection are given by the pediatrician, but if possible, the mixture should:

well tolerated by the child, does not cause digestive disorders or allergies;
produced by a company with a good reputation and reviews;
be constantly available (on sale);
ensure the child's weight gain and development.

If a child is offered a mixture with a large amount of fatty acids and components that the child’s body cannot digest due to age, parents are guaranteed sleepless nights.

The mixture must be diluted and prepared strictly according to the instructions on the package, too thick food with a reduced amount of fluid it will cause flatulence and constipation.

Switching to a new mixture

The baby should be switched to a new formula only if strictly necessary - if it causes intolerance or does not meet the child’s needs (he has stopped gaining weight). If the child is well-fed, he is not bothered by digestive disorders (gas, stool problems) - nothing needs to be changed in the diet.

When a one-time stool disorder is noted, the causes of the phenomenon should be analyzed, and not rush to change the mixture or reduce its quantity - perhaps there is an oversight in the preparation process, or there is a disease. If the phenomenon does not go away, the baby should be shown to a doctor and act on his recommendations.

If you still need to transfer, it is best to do this gradually, over several days, first supplementing the baby’s feeding, and then completely replacing feedings with a new formula. It is considered optimal to switch to a new mixture within a week.

Constipation that occurs when switching to a new food is often called false - this reaction of the body to a change in diet goes away after adaptation. A similar reaction can occur when changing feeding periods; when the usual conditions return, the disturbances disappear.

Drinking disorders

The presence of dense feces indicates a lack of water in the child’s body. A. Komarovsky, in his addresses to parents, notes that for normal bowel movements, the child must receive a sufficient amount of water. Pediatricians believe that breastfeeding fully meets the child’s water needs, and there is no need to give it additionally to infants up to 6 months old, with the exception of illness, high temperature in room.

To prevent constipation in newborns who are fed artificial formula, they need to be offered water between feedings. It is important that it is clean drinking water, oh, not decoctions or teas.

If a baby refuses water, there is no need to force him to drink, but he must be offered something to drink.

An important microelement on which intestinal activity depends is potassium, its sources are raisins and prunes. To prevent constipation, Komarovsky recommends giving children a decoction of raisins or prunes.

Violation of complementary feeding rules

Modern pediatrics has a different point of view on complementary feeding than the school of Soviet children's doctors, which recommended starting to feed a baby from 2 months. This was due to many reasons, one of which was the lack of nutritional value of breast milk substitutes.

Now this problem does not exist; high-quality adapted formulas make it possible to introduce complementary foods when the child is ready for it. The criterion is the appearance of at least one tooth and age of at least 6 months. All attempts to feed a child food that he cannot digest will end in constipation, bloating and a call to the doctor.

Psychological causes of constipation

Constipation during bottle feeding can be caused by psychological reasons. The child may find it difficult to tolerate separation from his mother, which will affect his appetite and, accordingly, the process of bowel movements. After reunification, the occasional constipation subsides.

Another reason of a psychological nature is the child’s unpleasant experience during bowel movements - a cold potty, bad smell from it, can cause the child to want to endure the urge to the last, which provokes constipation. Komarovsky draws the attention of parents to the fact that the habit of regular bowel movements can only be developed by creating comfortable conditions for the baby.

Often the cause of untimely emptying is overfeeding the child or force feeding. Constipation in this case is a subconscious protest reaction of the baby.

Treatment and prevention

Parents of babies should know what to do if their child has constipation and how to treat it. All methods of help for this condition can be divided into several groups. This:

massage and laying on the baby’s tummy before feeding;
selection suitable mixture for feeding;
treatment with lactulose preparations;
the use of an enema and other mechanical methods of irritation of the rectum.

Massage

A light massage will help stimulate the baby’s intestines, improve the release of gases, and calm him down. To perform massage movements you do not need to have special knowledge; they are simple and effective. To begin, place the baby on his back and perform the following steps:

Warm heated palms stroke the tummy around the navel in a circular motion for a minute;
Holding the baby's feet and ankle joints in warm palms, bend and straighten the legs at the knees in turn, lightly pressing the thigh to the tummy. You need to do such movements 5-7 times;
Do the same as in the previous paragraph, only with two legs at the same time;
To continue the massage, the baby needs to be turned over on his tummy on a hard, flat surface or placed on the mother’s lap. Use warm palms to run along the spine in the direction from the shoulder blades to the buttocks with light pressure. Carry out such movements at least 5-7 times.

Laxatives

If there is an urgent need to help the baby, you can use medications. Komarovsky recommends lactulose syrup, which is sold in all pharmacies under different commercial names (). These are not synthetic drugs; their use will not harm the child. You need to start giving syrup with small doses, as it causes increased gas formation.

Mechanical methods

Young parents often hear from grandmothers and mothers about “folk” methods of treating constipation - mechanical irritation of the rectum or a mercury thermometer. Why can't this be done? These methods are quite barbaric; in addition, they form a habit that is very difficult to wean a child from. Constipation can cause cracks in the anus. What should parents do in this case? They can help or sea buckthorn suppositories, which will relieve pain and speed up healing.

Breastfeeding is unique in nature because only mother's milk can provide the baby not only with the necessary amount of fats, microelements, vitamins (and in an optimal state for absorption), but also with biologically active substances such as enzymes, hormones, immunoglobulins, and leukocytes. These components are very difficult or even impossible to introduce into artificial mixtures. It is not without reason that scientists are currently proposing to legally prohibit the use of the terms “mother’s milk substitutes” in the literature (or in information about formulas), since such mixtures simply cannot be created. Apart from this purely practical significance, the importance breastfeeding undeniable for the psychological comfort of mother and baby, mutual understanding between “mothers and children” from the first days of life.

However, there are circumstances in which breastfeeding is not possible. And then the baby is transferred to artificial feeding, i.e. feeding the baby with formula milk.

When is a baby switched to artificial or mixed feeding?

Medical circumstances: cases of difficult pregnancy and childbirth, requiring the restoration of the mother’s strength, admission medicines passing into breast milk, infectious diseases and etc.
Insufficient breast milk production ( control weighings indicate that the baby is not gaining enough weight, and attempts to stimulate lactation are unsuccessful).
The impossibility of continuous breastfeeding in situations where the mother is forced to leave the child under the supervision of someone, and expressed or frozen milk is not enough.

How to correctly calculate the required volume of the mixture?

When artificial feeding, it is important to determine the required amount of nutrition for the child. The daily amount of food depending on the age of the baby is given in table 1. For example, if the baby is 1 month old and weighs 3500 g, then the daily amount of food is 1/5 of body weight, i.e. 700 ml.

To determine how much formula you need per feeding, divide the daily amount of food by the number of feedings.

Approximate number of feedings per day:

first week of life - 7-10;
1 week - 2 months - 7-8;
2-4 months - 6-7;
4-9 months - 5-6;
9-12 months - 4-5.

It should be noted that if during breastfeeding before introducing complementary foods it is not necessary to additionally supplement the child with boiled water, then with artificial and mixed feeding this is acceptable, and the volume of water is not taken into account in the total volume of food.

How to prepare the mixture

First, carefully read the instructions for use on the package. It must be strictly followed. When too large quantities powder, the mixture turns out to be oversaturated with all nutrients, and this can lead to regurgitation, unstable stool, excessive increase body weight. If too little powder is taken, the mixture will turn out to be low-calorie, and this is also bad: the baby, while remaining hungry, will be capricious, sleep worse, and gain less weight.

To prepare the mixture, water must be boiled. The ideal temperature of the milk mixture is 36-37°C. To obtain this temperature, you need to pour boiled water, cooled to 50-60°C, into a bottle. Use a measuring spoon to measure required quantity mixture (be sure to remove excess). Pour the powder into water and stir quickly until completely dissolved. You can prepare the mixture directly in the bottle.

Tip the bottle down without shaking. The mixture should first flow in a thin stream, then pass through the nipple at a speed of 1 drop per second.

Then you need to place a few drops of the mixture on your wrist - the contents should be close to body temperature, that is, practically not felt. If the temperature of the mixture exceeds the desired temperature, you can cool the bottle in cold water.

Baby feeding technique

In order to make it comfortable not only for the baby, who should be in a semi-upright position, but also for the mother during feeding, you can use additional pillows by placing them under the back. The position of the mother’s legs can be different: you can cross your legs, you can place a low bench under your feet, you can feed the baby in a lying position, while gently holding the baby. To reduce air swallowing, tilt the bottle so that the milk fills the nipple and the air rises to the bottom of the bottle. After feeding, hold your baby upright for a few minutes to reduce the chance of spitting up.

If a mother does not have the opportunity to breastfeed, then feelings of guilt should not burden her relationship with the child.

Is it possible to store the prepared mixture?

If your baby falls asleep towards the end of the feeding without having sucked everything out of the bottle, empty the contents. Under no circumstances should the remainder of the mixture be left until next feeding. All items necessary for artificial feeding, like baby dishes, should be rinsed under running water immediately after feeding. warm water, removing the remaining mixture with a bottle brush and nipple. After this, the dishes must be sterilized (either by boiling for 10-15 minutes, or using an electric sterilizer).

Next, all feeding equipment is cooled to room temperature and placed on a clean towel. This should be done during the 1st month of the child’s life, then it is enough to rinse the bottle with boiled water.

Free artificial feeding

child in different time Every day he eats different amounts of food, and his need for food is not the same. Free-fed children gain weight better than children on a strictly dosed diet.

However, when artificial feeding, doctors advise using partially free feeding - a method in which there are certain feeding hours, the amount of food is given at the child's request, but within certain limits.

Usually 20-30 ml more is poured into the bottle for each feeding, but food is given at fixed hours (deviation within 30 minutes is acceptable). This allows you to more accurately determine the baby’s optimal need for food. If a child does not fully eat the amount of food offered to him, he should not be force-fed.

Age, months	0-1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	9-12
Dishes and products
Adapted milk formula, ml	700 - 800	800 - 900	800 - 900	800 - 900	700	400	300 - 400	350	200	200
Fruit juice, ml	According to indications*			5 - 30	40 - 50	50 - 60	60	70	80	90 - 100
Fruit puree, g	According to indications*			5 - 30**	40 - 50	50 - 60	60	70	80	90 - 100
Cottage cheese, g	-	-	-	-	-	40	40	40	40	40
Yolk, g	-	-	-	-	-	-	0,25	0,5	0,5	0,5
Vegetable puree, g	-	-	-	-	10 - 150	150	150	170	180	200
Milk porridge, g	-	-	-	-	-	50 - 150	150	150	180	200
Meat puree, g	-	-	-	-	-	-	5-30	50	50	60 - 70
Kefir and other fermented milk products or whole milk, ml	-	-	-	-	-	-	200	200	400	400
Whole wheat bread, g	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	5	5	10
Rusks, cookies, g	-	-	-	-	-	3 - 5	5	5	10	10 - 15
Vegetable oil (sunflower, corn), g	-	-	-	-	3	3	3	5	5	6
Butter, g	-	-	-	-	-	4	4	5	5	6
* The introduction of the product is determined depending on the child’s health condition and the degree of adaptation of the human milk substitute used in his diet. ** Puree is introduced 2 weeks after the introduction of juice.

Situations in which you have to change the mixture:

individual intolerance to the mixture, often manifested by an allergic reaction;
reaching the age at which you can move from the first stage to the second (5-6 months); Moreover, if the child tolerated one or another mixture well, then it is desirable that the subsequent mixture be with the same name;
need to introduce medicinal mixtures(if allergies, regurgitation, etc. occur; medicinal mixtures should be administered only as prescribed by a doctor);
transition from medicinal mixtures to adapted ones, after eliminating the condition for the purpose of correction of which the medicinal mixture was introduced.

With artificial feeding, complementary foods are introduced at 4.5-5 months, while with breastfeeding this is done later - at 5-6 months. This is due to the fact that bottle-fed children receive a significant amount of “foreign” substances in the human milk substitute. nutrients, which leads to a certain adaptation of the child to “foreign” nutrition. It should be noted that the timing of the introduction of complementary foods is chosen individually, after discussion with the pediatrician who is monitoring the baby.

It is necessary to start introducing complementary foods with small quantities of the product, gradually increasing it. On the first day, complementary foods are given in the amount of 3-5 teaspoons, and within 10-12 days this is increased to the full volume of one feeding.
Complementary foods should be given before formula feeding, from a spoon.
You cannot introduce two new products at the same time.
Complementary feeding dishes should be pureed and should not contain small pieces that may cause difficulty swallowing. As you age, you should move on to thicker and, later, denser foods.
After introducing complementary foods, it is necessary to establish a 5-time feeding regimen.
The first complementary foods are introduced at one of the daily feedings, preferably at 10 or 14 hours.

Vegetable puree is considered preferable for the first complementary feeding in healthy bottle-fed children, it is richer in vitamins, minerals, pectins, fiber, which are necessary for a growing body. The introduction of complementary foods must begin with one type of vegetables: zucchini, pumpkin, cauliflower, broccoli, green peas, potatoes, which should not account for more than 20% of the total volume of vegetables.

Porridge(rice, corn, buckwheat) are introduced as complementary foods a month after the introduction of vegetables (not earlier than 6 months). After 8 months, you can introduce gluten-containing cereals (oatmeal, semolina). Porridge is given to the child starting from 1-2 teaspoons, gradually increasing its amount to 120-150 g per day and adding 3-4 g of melted butter or vegetable oil. After porridge, you can give your baby fruit puree.

Cottage cheese, as a source of complete protein and some essential amino acids, calcium and phosphorus salts, should be prescribed to healthy, normally developing children no earlier than 5-6 months to enrich complementary foods with protein. The amount of cottage cheese per year should not exceed 50 g in order to avoid a high salt and protein load on the child’s kidneys.

Yolk hard-boiled chicken egg should be given from 6-7 months. Its earlier administration often leads to allergic reactions. The yolk is given to the child in pureed form, mixed with a small amount of the mixture, starting with minimal doses (at the tip of a spoon) and gradually increasing its amount to 1/4-1/2 per day. Later, the yolk is added to porridge or vegetable puree. It is better to give the yolk 2 times a week.

Meat It is recommended to introduce it into a child’s diet starting from 7-7.5 months. If a child has intolerance to cow's milk proteins, it is better to avoid introducing beef and veal, and use rabbit meat, white meat turkey, chicken and lean pork. For anemia, meat puree is prescribed from 5-5.5 months. At 8-9 months, meat puree is replaced with meatballs, by the end of the year - steam cutlets. It is not recommended to give meat broth to a child of the first year of life, since its nutritional value is insignificant, in addition, it is rich in extractive substances that have an allergenic effect.

At the age of 7 months, to stimulate chewing skills, you can give your child cracker(with kefir or juice).

White sea fish(hake, cod, sea bass) can be recommended to a child instead of meat 1-2 times a week from 8-9 months. Fish proteins are well balanced in amino acid composition. They are absorbed better than meat proteins; In addition, fish is rich in minerals and B vitamins.

Whole cow's milk It is better to start giving it to your child at the end of the first year of life, but in no case earlier than 6 months. Dairy products into the diet healthy child administered no earlier than 7 months. If you are allergic to formula, they are introduced earlier, but their amount should not exceed 2/3 of the volume of the milk formula.

The result of proper, successful feeding should be an adequate increase in the baby’s body weight (see Table 3).

Month	Monthly weight gain, g	Body weight gain over the entire past period	Monthly height increase, cm	Increase in growth over the entire past period
	600	600	3	3
	800	1400	3	6
	800	2200	2,5	8,5
	750	2950	2,5	11
	700	3650	2	13
	650	4300	2	15
	600	4900	2	17
	550	5450	2	19
	500	5950	1,5	20,5
	450	6400	1,5	22
	400	6800	1,5	23,5
	350	7150	1,5	25

Discussion

I also believe that goat milk formulas are better for babies than cow milk formulas. but there are so many people, so many opinions.

It so happened that we fed both breast and formula, the formula was MD mil SP Goat on goat milk, for me it was important point, so that it is not cow's milk and the mixture is as close to breast milk as possible, of course! The baby absorbed the mixture well, there was no colic, the stool was normal, so we were satisfied with the quality.

I was on IV with my first child, now I’m waiting for the second, I don’t know, I really hope that I will breastfeed))) Good article, everything is described in detail! With the first one, I introduced complementary foods early at 4.5 plus formula, vegetable puree (zucchini), fruit juices, and later porridge and meat purees. Ugh, ugh, ugh, we had no allergies to practically anything, although when I gave the yolk it spilled out on it))) The main thing was that there was no reaction to the mixture, we are very happy with Nuppy Gold! But for the yolk please)))

MD cute goat?? I’ve never even heard of this mixture, I’ll have to look it up.
We also suffered with mixtures. I fed NAN for the first 2 months. We gained weight well, but the child constantly suffered from constipation, and at some point she stopped digesting it altogether and she began to spit up very much. It’s also strange, it seemed to fit at first, and then something went wrong. In general, after a long election we switched to Nuppy Gold. I live in Perm, I usually ordered the mixture through the online store 7nyan, that’s where I saw it, read the reviews, they seem to praise it, the composition is good, rich in essential vitamins. In short, it would seem that the brand was not popular, but it suited us, thank God! Listen, I looked at the Kozochka mixture... well, 400 grams costs 1000, well, it’s not cheap.

And we give the child Nanny. Haven't tried other mixtures. Somehow we immediately found ourselves on “our” food. This mixture is so delicious and smells like milk. The child really likes it.

I feed my little one - we are now 4.5 months old - with a mixture of MD mil goat1 - this is very good food, does not cause allergies - based on goat milk, the stool is normal and we do not suffer from constipation. Before that, we ate Nutrilon, not only that he had diathesis all over his face, but he also vomited it very much and his tummy was twisting very much - we didn’t sleep all night - there were problems with his tummy. That's it - so, in my personal opinion, GOAT is the best mixture for children.

03/14/2008 12:16:13, Irina

My daughter is 5.5 months old. From 3 weeks we fed her Hipp Pre, but when constipation began, we were advised to give fermented milk Agusha-1 twice a day. As a result, she liked Agusha so much that she completely abandoned Hipp. And we switched her only to Agusha, but now she has dysbiosis, and besides, many say that Agusha is not the best mixture. What do you recommend as a suitable formula for my baby, taking into account the fact that she often has constipation.
Thank you.

09.28.2004 14:19:07, Anastasia

Comment on the article "Artificial feeding"

Artificial feeding. A child from birth to one year. Care and education of a child up to one year: nutrition, illness, development. Girls, please help me with your personal experience, has anyone managed to return breastfeeding during a temporary transfer to IV (the child is 3 months old).

Discussion

Should I express milk for these 5 days?

Really. I had to undergo emergency surgery with my first child. We agreed with the doctor that there would be no local anesthesia. I agreed only because I was feeding at that moment. Antibiotics were at a minimum and only for 3 days. I didn’t approach the baby these days, because... he smelled it and refused to take the bottle with the mixture from my hands. Dad fed. I had a massage and pumped. Three days later the GV was returned. Everything is fine

Nutrition, introduction of complementary foods. A child from birth to one year. Care and education of a child up to one year old Constipation, regurgitation and colic in breastfed and bottle-fed children Stool of a newborn. Blends with probiotics and prebiotics, without palm oil.

Discussion

there is a phone number on the Nutrilon website hotline, call there - you won’t regret it, they give very competent advice. At one time I called them almost every day.....

Can. We combined Frisolak-Frisov. True, then due to constipation they switched entirely to fries.

The baby is not gaining weight well. Diet. Breast-feeding. (The second child, the eldest was breastfed until she was one and a half years old, also gained very little weight, 500 grams per month. Breastfed children may simply not have enough mother’s milk.

Discussion

There is a little bit of data missing. what is the bottom weight? Since when did you start gaining weight? for example, if the lower weight is approx. 3600, the gain began in the second week, then the increase will be 550 grams in three weeks, and this is already the norm. behind last week 50 grams - and for the previous one? What's your weight now? hmm... the battery on the scales is dead? in principle, large children can gain less, but there are, of course, limits to what is reasonable.
I would also do an ultrasound - heart, kidneys. to reassure you (I still think that if the pediatrician had suggested something like this, she would have already sent you for an ultrasound).
8 times a day is not enough, in theory. what happens if you offer the second breast at one feeding? How many times does he pee and poop? how active is it? Have you tried weighing the feeding? (not to be horrified and immediately supplement with something, but simply if there is 150 grams at a time, then what’s the point in supplementing? If there is 50 grams at a time and so on all day and only 8 times a day, then there’s a direct point in calling consultant and discuss the situation at least by phone). Also: don’t you add water?
in general, I would first think about the numbers, do examinations, talk to a consultant, get tested, and then, after a couple of weeks, I would look at the situation.

Maybe the frenulum is short?

Artificial feeding. A child from birth to one year. Care and education of a child up to one year: nutrition, illness, development. The norms are written on the cans of formula, for a newborn this is usually 7 feedings a day, for a child of 1-2 months the can is enough for about a week...

Discussion

We have been on IV since 1 month, I don’t remember how much I ate then, I tried to focus on the norms on the can. Now we eat 6 times, 150 g each. A large jar of 900 g is enough for a week.

It is better to reduce the volume of feedings while maintaining intervals. And increase the intervals gradually - half an hour at a time, or some other way - depending on the circumstances (either distract, or take a longer walk). At night, it helps not to wake the child, and maybe turn him over or somehow disturb him a little. The child will not wake up, but if he starts tossing and turning, then this is a light stage of sleep. At this time, children suck well, and then, without waking up, move into a deeper stage of sleep.

Children's nutrition Child from 0 to 1 year.....How to calculate required amount milk for a newborn? How much should a child eat? Artificial feeding: what? Where? When? If a baby weighs 5 kg 700 grams (that is, 5700 grams) at 3.5 months, then per day...

Artificial feeding. A child from birth to one year. Care and education of a child up to one year: nutrition, illness, development. If the baby is on artificial or mixed feeding. For some time there was severe constipation, but I think this is a reaction to the formula...

Discussion

To begin with, you need dairy-free porridge. Vegetable purees can be given - cauliflower, zucchini, potatoes, carrots. Fruit - apple, pear. Just don’t give too much at once. Whole milk is not allowed until you are one year old. You're probably better off with a good formula if your baby takes bottles. If not, you can give it from a cup. Hang in there. Get well. Mine were transferred when I was in the hospital and also abruptly, but they were smaller and only drank the mixture.

It seems to me that during a sharp transition it is best to use non-store milk, and dairy mixtures specially adapted for feeding babies. Their taste is close to that of mother’s milk, and their composition is specially balanced. You are old enough and replacing breast milk with formula should not be very painful.

As for porridges, I started with dairy-free ones - rice, oatmeal, buckwheat, corn. All of them are quite tasty and contain many microelements and vitamins. Choose the manufacturer yourself, whichever your baby likes best. Mine likes low-allergenic Heinz and Gerber.
You can already use vegetable and fruit purees. start with a single puree, where there is one fruit/vegetable. despite the fact that you are 10, I would not deviate from the basic principles of introducing complementary foods, i.e. start with a spoon, see the reaction until next day and then slowly add to the portion. For us, a serving is from 100 to 170 grams. Depending on your appetite! =))

Artificial feeding. . A child from birth to one year. Care and education of a child up to one year: nutrition, illness, development. Section: (whose children grew up on artificial feeding). Artificial feeding. I can’t forgive myself for what I taught...

Discussion

I breastfed my daughter for a month, then my milk began to decrease, so I bottle-fed her. At two she refused to breastfeed, and by three my milk completely disappeared. But we also had constipation and diathesis. The weight is normal, on the contrary, she is thin. Otherwise we are developing normally. Everything turns out fine.

04/17/2000 17:31:41, Oksana

My eldest is almost a complete artificial person. Switched to a lawsuit. feeding from 3 weeks. There were no problems. Maybe he's just a kid. I already wrote about him as rare case, quite successful artificial feeding. There were no allergies, no diathesis, no constipation, no diarrhea or dysbacteriosis, and I gained normal weight. But that was almost 5 years ago and I fed him formulas, which are not very popular now, since there are many different ones. These are Tuteli, Bona, Similak.

01/28/2000 12:42:13, Ksenia

It is not for nothing that nature has laid down the wise principle of breastfeeding - together with mother’s milk, the baby receives not only everything necessary for correct height and development of microelements, but also the first communication skills, emotions, learning to trust and love. However, what to do if the new mother does not have milk or doctors have prohibited breastfeeding for health reasons?

Artificial feeding of a newborn comes to the rescue. How to choose the right mixture, how much your baby should eat, how to create emotional connection when bottle feeding? Read the answers to these and many other questions below.

From this article you will learn:

By definition, artificial feeding is a type of child nutrition in which breast milk in the diet is less than 20% or not at all. Doctors do not recommend it - breast milk contains many essential substances that are not found in cow's milk, from which most formulas are made.

In addition, caring mothers often overfeed their children, which creates a certain risk of obesity, but this is impossible when breastfeeding. Even complementary foods are introduced to artificially-fed babies earlier in order to somehow compensate for the lack of certain substances.

Of course, artificial feeding of a baby has its advantages: not only the mother, but also the rest of the family can feed the baby. You can easily control the amount of food you eat, there are no pain or allergy problems - you can eat whatever you want. But if your decision is to refuse breastfeeding due to one of the following reasons, it’s worth thinking about:

It seems to you that the child is not gaining much weight - if the doctor does not give any recommendations on this matter, then everything is in order;
It seems to you that there is not enough milk - the same thing;
You go to school or work - if breastfeeding is completely impossible, at least practice mixed feeding;
You just don’t want to - maybe you should be patient a little for the sake of the physical and mental health your child?

Objective reasons for refusing breastfeeding are:

lack of milk;
baby's refusal to breastfeed;
difficult childbirth, after which it is necessary to restore strength;
maternal infectious diseases;
medical indications;
the birth of twins or triplets.

If this is your case, don't panic or blame yourself. Modern conditions Artificial feeding of crumbs is optimal and can minimize the consequences for the child, but this will require some effort.

First step - choose a mixture

First, and most importantly, do not under any circumstances use regular cow's milk or other dairy products instead of the mixture. They are completely unsuitable for a newborn and can cause a lot of problems. Put them off until at least eight months of age.

When choosing a mixture, be sure to study all the information written on the packaging. Usually it contains information about the composition, the age of the children for whom it is intended, the recommended method of preparation and expiration date. Please note that the packaging must not be damaged or opened.

Pediatricians usually use the following classification of products:

adapted;
partially adapted;
physiological;
medicinal.

This means the following:

Adapted variations are recommended for use from the first days of life. They are as close to natural as possible and adapted to the needs of babies - hence the name. Partially adapted mixtures can be called “transitional”. They are used from 12 months, and in their composition they are already moving a little away from breast milk towards regular food.
Physiological the mixtures are suitable only for completely healthy children over one year old and cost an order of magnitude less than the previous ones.
Medicinal analogues should not be used without consulting a doctor.

Another, more well-known classification is classification by child's age. It has 3 categories, and it is very easy to determine whether the mixture belongs to one of them - the number on the packaging will tell you.

Digit 1 corresponds to a mixture that can be used from the first days of life, 2 - for children from six months of age, 3 - for children from one year old.

How to artificially feed a newborn?

Just like with breastfeeding, there are two options: on demand and on schedule. . At first, you can feed the baby on demand until a feeding regime that is convenient for him is established. But under no circumstances overfeed - in this case, underfeeding is even safer, because the baby will not get an upset stomach.

If you want to adhere to an exact schedule from the first days of life, feed your baby every 3-3.5 hours 6-7 times a day. One month old baby you need no more than 90 g. sweep one at a time. In the first week, the required amount of food is calculated as follows: the child’s age in days is multiplied by 10. Thus, a 4-day-old baby needs 40 grams of formula at a time.

After a week They calculate differently: The baby's weight is divided by 5 and then by the number of feedings. That is, if a child weighs 4000, he needs 800 grams of formula per day, which corresponds to approximately 120 grams of formula at a time.

There is another way to calculate the required amount of food - use the table of recommended calorie content, which is given below. All information about the content of calories, proteins, fats and carbohydrates in the mixture is indicated on the packaging. Remember that you cannot exceed the calorie content by more than 50 kcal and the norm of proteins, fats and carbohydrates by more than 1.5 grams.

Age	Energy kcal/kg	Proteins g/kg	Fat g/kg	Carbohydrates g/kg
0-3 months	120	2,3	6,5	13
4-6 months	115	2,5	6,0	13
7-12 months	110	3,0	5,5	13

Wash your hands with hot water before feeding. It is advisable to give the mixture at the same temperature each time so that the child gets used to it. Also, you shouldn’t save what he hasn’t finished eating - throw it away immediately or store it in the refrigerator (in the refrigerator, not in the door) for no more than six hours. Otherwise, consuming the product may lead to poisoning, because the product is not absolutely sterile, and microbes may begin to multiply in it.

Make sure that the child does not receive air instead of formula - this will create a false feeling of fullness. Holding the baby in the classic position in which mothers sit during breastfeeding, tilt the bottle, making sure that there is always food in the nipple. After feeding, to allow the air to leave the ventricle, hold the baby in an upright position for several minutes.

Under no circumstances should you leave your newborn alone with a bottle - at this age it is important for him to have contact with you, this will lay the foundation for his behavior for the rest of his life. In addition, the baby may lose the bottle or choke. From 4-5 months you can already let your baby hold a bottle, but you must carefully monitor the feeding process:

You cannot feed a sleeping baby.
You cannot force feed, even if the child has not eaten the required amount, but if he is not full of this amount, it is permissible to give another 30-50 ml if he has normal body weight.

Preparing to bottle-feed a newborn

When preparing food, follow the instructions completely and follow the dosage exactly. If you overdo it, you may have problems with digestive system If you don’t give it enough, the child will be capricious and, perhaps, disrupt the regime.

If you have problems with this, take a look at formulas specially packaged for one feeding. However, as practice shows, for most parents, cooking becomes automatic after a month of daily practice.

Remember that the mixture is diluted directly in the bottle, after which it is shaken and checked to see if any lumps have formed in it. There are also liquid milk analogues, the preparation of which does not need to be bothered at all. Do not forget about sterility when preparing - the measuring spoon must be clean, the water must be boiled. It is also important to comply with all storage conditions of the product.

Manifestation of allergic reactions in a child;
The mixture causes problems with the digestive tract;
The child has already left age category for which the mixture is intended;
There was a need for a medicinal mixture.

The pacifier is an important detail

Much in artificial feeding of a newborn depends on how comfortable the nipple is for him. If the hole in it is too large, the baby will choke; if it is too small, it will be very difficult for him to drink, he will empty the bottle slowly and, most likely, will be nervous.

The convenient size is individual for each child, but if it is chosen correctly, one bottle is drunk in about 20 minutes, and the liquid pours out in drops, not a stream.

Did you buy the wrong pacifier? No problem! The hole size can be increased at home. Just use a heated needle. Nowadays you can find pacifiers on sale indicating the recommended age for which they are intended. In general, nipples wear out pretty quickly, so don't forget to buy new ones.

Hygiene rules, or how not to harm your health

Naturally, when artificial feeding a newborn from a bottle must be observed very strict rules hygiene, because the baby’s body is still very weak and fragile. Bottles must be sterilized using special device- a sterilizer, or the old proven method - a water bath. Before sterilization, food residues are removed with a brush.

Particular attention should be paid to carvings and other parts where food can get stuck. For a child under one month old, the “dishes” need to be sterilized after each feeding. From a month - it is enough to sterilize no more than once a week, if you rinse both the bottle and the nipple with boiling water immediately before each feeding.

It is also necessary to sterilize a new bottle you just purchased. Of course, it’s better not to take risks and not to use unboiled water for feeding - even if it’s filtered, it’s better to play it safe, because the baby’s health depends on it.

Complementary feeding during artificial feeding

As already mentioned, with artificial feeding, complementary foods are introduced earlier than with breastfeeding - at 4.5-5 months (versus 5-6 months). This is due to a lack of some and an excess of other substances in mixtures. The given dates are approximate; to establish more precise ones, a consultation with a pediatrician is necessary. Complementary feeding begins with tiny portions of the product, gradually increasing them.

So, on the first day the child eats a teaspoon, and after a couple of weeks he eats a full portion. Complementary foods are given before formula feeding, usually from a spoon. The product must be crushed to a puree, making sure that there are no lumps or pieces - the child is not yet ready to eat them.

In addition, you should not introduce two products at the same time - this is difficult for the body, and if a negative reaction occurs, there will be problems determining which product it is.

Emotions during artificial feeding

You can create the right atmosphere when feeding your baby by following a few simple rules:

First of all, you should feel comfortable, not feel inconvenienced, and have a good and calm mood. Relax, put it aside mobile phone, and with it all things. Now you are a mother, and this is the main thing.
Choose a cozy and comfortable place for feeding.
Take the baby in your arms, talk to him, smile, look into his eyes while feeding.
To add realism to the process, it is sometimes recommended to heat the milk to a temperature human body or a little more - about 37-38 degrees. If you don't have temperature measuring equipment, drop a little mixture on your shoulder - the drop should be neither cold nor hot.

Remember what your child requires more love and affection than a child on breastfeeding, so talk to him longer once again, play, give him a massage.

It’s good when other relatives help with feeding, but at first, when the newborn is still very small, constantly changing faces during feeding can cause stress. Therefore, either his mother or two people should feed him in turn.

To drink or not to drink?

It is not for nothing that most parents are concerned about the problem of supplementation - the child may actually need more water than he receives with the formula, especially in the summer. You can supplement your baby's food only in very small portions, in no case before feeding, so as not to create a feeling of false satiety. Use only boiled water. Water can also help if a child has constipation or fever.

Chair for bottle-fed baby

The stool of a bottle-fed baby is usually less frequent than that of a breastfed baby, but in a newborn it should not be less than once or twice a day, otherwise you should consult a doctor. To avoid constipation, which is also often a problem for children on IV, it is recommended to do exercises and abdominal massage.

In summary, we can highlight a list of basic rules for artificial feeding of a newborn:

Choose a high-quality formula, taking into account the age and individual needs of the baby;
Follow the instructions exactly when preparing the mixture and do not store the finished product;
Watch how your baby eats;
Keep track of how much he eats;
Be responsible when choosing the right pacifier;
Sterilization is the key to your child’s health;
Topping up is a completely appropriate practice;
Take care of the right emotional development baby.

If these rules are followed, losses from the lack of breast milk will be minimal, the baby’s health and immunity will be strong, and development will be fast and correct. Isn't this the key to the happiness of any parent?

The child must first choose a milk formula. The composition of the mixture should be as close as possible to regular human breast milk. Adapted milk formulas from various manufacturers have these properties. Usually on boxes with such mixtures the number 1 is written and it is indicated that it is adapted.

Currently, all milk formulas are divided into highly adapted, poorly adapted and partially adapted. A highly adapted formula is better suited for feeding a baby, since it is the composition that is as close as possible to human milk. Therefore, highly adapted formulas are the best for feeding a child from birth to 6 months. Poorly adapted formulas are intended for feeding children 6 - 12 months. And partially adapted formulas are used for feeding children over 1 year of age. That is, in life you need to be guided simple rule: how younger child- the more adapted the milk formula should be.

In addition, there are special milk formulas intended for feeding children with various diseases and states. There are formulas for premature and low birth weight babies, for babies with a tendency to spit up, with allergic reactions, lactase deficiency, etc. You do not need to buy these mixtures yourself, since they can only be prescribed by a doctor based on examination and examination of the child.

The mixture will have to be selected individually for the child. One mixture, for example, "Malyutka" may not be suitable for a child, causing diarrhea, constipation, allergies, etc. And another formula, for example, NAN, is perfect for the child, he eats well and develops normally. That is, you need to try one mixture, and if it is well tolerated by the child, then you should continue to use it in the future. If the mixture is not suitable, replace it with another one. As a result, you need to settle on a mixture that is well tolerated by the child. A child should be transferred from one formula to another only in cases of extreme necessity, when the baby cannot tolerate it.

You can choose mixtures from any company that are always available for sale. The best option is the products of those companies that produce both adapted and partially adapted milk formulas. In such cases, high adapted mixtures the number 1 is indicated, for example, “Hipp 1”, “Nutrilon 1”, etc. And less adapted milk formulas from the same companies are called “subsequent formulas” and are designated by the number 2, for example, “Hipp 2”, “Nutrilon 2”, etc. When purchasing formula, a woman must be sure that she will be able to buy it again. Therefore, do not choose exotic and rarely found milk formulas in stores, which one day you may not be able to buy due to their unavailability.

Infant formulas should be prepared strictly following the proportions specified in the instructions. The water for the mixture must be boiled, even if it is bottled. Boiling is necessary so that phosphorus and calcium salts precipitate, since all the minerals necessary for the baby are contained in strictly controlled quantities in the milk formula. And unboiled water contains various salts. The temperature of the mixture should be 36 - 37 o C.

Formula must be prepared for each feeding. It is possible to store the remaining mixture in the refrigerator until the next feeding, but it is recommended to do this only in extreme cases. The feeding bottle just needs to be washed well with soap and rinsed. There is no need to sterilize feeding bottles. The nipple should not have a hole that is too large so that the baby cannot suck out all the mixture within 2 to 3 minutes. Feeding the baby should last at least 10 minutes.

It is necessary to feed the baby hourly, but you should not force him to suck out the entire volume of the formula. If the child does not finish the entire volume of the formula, make it a little less. Do not give your child more formula than is appropriate for his or her age, as this may lead to overfeeding. overweight and developmental delay. Every month it is necessary to calculate the amount of milk formula, necessary for the child for one feeding.

Complementary feeding should be introduced no earlier than 6 months. It is optimal to wait to introduce complementary foods until the first tooth appears. Complementary feeding is introduced according to the usual scheme in the same way as for breastfed children.

When bottle-feeding a baby, you need to avoid the following common mistakes:
1. Frequent change milk formulas. If the child eats normally and is not tormented by gas, diarrhea and other digestive disorders, then the formula should not be changed;
2. Do not switch your child to another formula at the first worsening of stool;
3. Do not reduce the amount of formula if the child has indigestion;
4. Do not feed your baby the same formula if he does not grow or gain weight within 1.5 - 2 weeks;
5. When using adapted milk formulas, do not add juices, decoctions and other healthy foods containing vitamins and minerals. Adding vitamins and minerals is justified only if the child is fed cow, goat or other milk.

If you are transferring your baby to artificial feeding or starting to supplement with formula feeding, you should take into account some of the features of artificial feeding so that the baby is full, but does not overeat, does not regurgitate, does not suffer from colic and stool disorders.

1. How to calculate the portion correctly?

In order for your baby to eat enough without overeating, it is very important to correctly determine the amount of food for your child. If a child has low weight, including due to illness or prematurity, the volume of the formula is calculated by the pediatrician. If your baby is at average weight age standards, you can calculate the amount of food yourself - for example, using Maslov’s calorie method.

Maslov's caloric method

We determine the calorie content of the daily food intake.

The calorie content of daily food per 1 kg of a child’s body weight should be:

1-3 months - 120 kcal/1 kg/day;
3-6 months - 115 kcal/1 kg/day;
6-9 months - 110 kcal/1 kg/day;
9-12 months - 105 kcal/1 kg/day.

We multiply the figure corresponding to the child’s age by weight (in kilograms).

We determine the daily amount of food. To do this, divide the calorie content of the daily food volume by the calorie content of 1 liter of ready-to-use mixture. The calorie content of the mixture is always indicated on its packaging. On average, this figure is 800 kcal/l.

Determine the volume of one feeding. To do this, you need to divide the daily amount of food by the total number of feedings.

Example. If a child at the age of one month weighs 4 kg, then his daily caloric intake will be 120*4= 480 kcal/day. Next, we determine the daily volume of nutrition 480/800 = 0.6 l (600 ml) of the mixture per day. If your baby eats 8 times a day, he should receive approximately 75 ml of formula per feeding. Keep in mind that a child in the first year of life should not receive more than 1000-1100 ml of food per day (including complementary foods in the second half of the year).

If you give your baby water between feedings, its volume is not taken into account in the total amount of food.

The calorie method of calculating nutrition is very simple and accurate. However, do not forget that the amount of formula must be recalculated every 3-4 days, because the child’s weight is constantly increasing. If you don't have a home scale, just follow your doctor's recommendations for how much you should eat.

2. How many times a day should I feed my baby?

The diet of a bottle-fed baby is radically different from that of breastfeeding. Babies receiving breast milk should be fed on demand, while babies receiving formula need a specific diet.

Approximate number of feedings per day for a full-term baby:

first week of life - 7-10;
1 week - 2 months - 7-8;
2-4 months - 6-7;
4-9 months - 5-6;
9-12 months - 5.

The most common mistake with artificial and mixed feeding - overfeeding the child. Most women healthy baby appears to be a plump baby with cute folds.

The desire to feed your child well is quite natural. However, keep in mind that “free feeding” is only suitable for breastfeeding children. For the artificial there is excess nutrients leads to metabolic disorders and changes in the natural composition of body tissues. Violated optimal ratio between the various substances from which the tissue is built, and a pathological condition arises paratrophy(a chronic nutritional disorder characterized by a violation of the body's metabolic functions against the background of excess or normal weight body).

3. Does a bottle-fed baby need extra fluids?

A bottle-fed child should receive additional liquid (approximately 100-200 ml), this can be boiled or baby bottled water, baby teas industrial production(there is no need to specially sweeten the water). Lack of extra fluid often leads to constipation.

The baby should be given water on demand, in between feedings. If you offer your baby liquid immediately before feeding, the stomach will fill and the baby will not receive the necessary nutrients from the formula.

4. How to avoid colic and increased gas formation?

Choose modern ones. For example, Dr.Brown's bottles with a unique ventilation system reduce the risk of colic, gas and regurgitation.
Keep your baby in a semi-upright position while feeding.
If your baby breaks away from the bottle, he could swallow air, so after feeding, hold your baby upright for a few minutes to reduce the likelihood of regurgitation.
To avoid bubbles, never shake the mixture directly in the bottle - use for preparation baby food. If you don’t have a mixer nearby, just roll the bottle between your palms so that as few bubbles as possible form while preparing the mixture.

5. Good nutrition - when mom is nearby!

Trying to provide for your child proper nutrition, do not forget about the emotional side of this process. During the first two months of life, a child develops an attachment and establishes contact with his parents. Tenderness and care are so important to him!

Children on natural feeding after feeding with mother's milk, they fall asleep with a calm smile, filled with mother's energy and warmth. If your baby is an artificial child, try to create conditions that are close to natural for him.

When a baby drinks milk, he needs to feel that his mother is nearby and hear her heartbeat. It is as if he returns to the state of harmony and security in which he was before birth. Therefore, it is important that during this period it is his mother who feeds him.

If, due to circumstances, you cannot always feed the baby yourself, there is no need to delegate this task to a new family member each time. May it always be the same person. Small child He will start to get nervous if he is fed alternately, and even by different people changing several times a day.

Another factor is the need for satisfaction sucking reflex. Breastfed babies first “hang” on their mother’s chest for a long time. For them, this is a way not only to eat, but also to calm down. A bottle-fed baby who drinks milk from a bottle often does not satisfy his sucking reflex. He gets worried and sooner or later he ends up with... his own fingers in his mouth.

In this case, buy a pacifier. There is currently debate about whether the child needs it. Of course, the choice is yours, but if the baby has a highly developed or insufficiently satisfied sucking reflex, then let him suck without disturbing the bite rather than develop the habit of thumb sucking.