Age periods of a person’s life and his mental development. Age categories of the population. Age categories of people by year

Body types are defined regardless of age, since almost all of them occur with greater or lesser frequency in all age groups. However, when designing clothes, age must be taken into account, since it affects the perception of the volume of a figure and the compositional solution of the product model depends on it.

Rice. 8.1. Options for combined body types of female figures

Rice. 8.2. Options for combined body types of female figures

Rice. 8.3. Options for combined body types of female figures

Rice. 8.4. Combined body type of the customer

The influence of the volume of clothing on the perception of figure volume is reflected in the following. If the figure of younger women can be considered a figure of normal volume with chest girth
88-92 cm, then the same cannot be said about a middle-aged and, especially, older woman with the same chest girth, since it is quite natural that with age a person gets fatter and a more voluminous figure can be considered normal. Observations by specialists show that the figure of a middle-aged woman with a chest circumference of 92-96 cm is perceived as normal in volume, and that of an older woman with a chest circumference of 100-104 cm.

Based on this, depending on the size of the chest girth and age, women's figures are combined into groups of small, medium and large volumes. The sizes of the figures included in these volume groups for each age group are indicated in the table. 8.2. The age groups in this table correspond to generally accepted ones:

youngest – 18-19 years old;

average – 30-44 years;

the eldest is over 45 years old.

Table 8.2

Women's chest girths based on age

Conditional Name	Chest girths for age groups, cm
volume groups


	96 or more	100 or more	108 or more

Age directly affects the model's solution. Clothing for a young woman is different from clothing for middle-aged and older women, even if they are of the same body type. Thus, clothing styles for older women are much more moderate than for younger women of the same body type. The freedom of fit in products for older women is closer to the minimum required, while when designing clothes for younger women, even in large volumes, the decorative factor is taken into account to a greater extent.

The same applies to the color scheme of products. For younger women, regardless of their figure size, clothing is brighter than for middle-aged and older women.

The design of the product is also designed taking into account the age of women. The designs of the models, which in terms of their style can be offered to women of younger and older age, in the first case are provided in a more fashionable version, in the second - a calmer one.

The general style of clothing also depends on age. Thus, in clothing for younger women, sports, romantic and folk styles are typical; for the middle age group - sports and business, feminine-romantic and folklore; for older people – classic and feminine-elegant.

5. PERIODS OF CHILDHOOD AND THEIR CHARACTERISTICS

The entire stage of human maturation is divided into several age periods.

The age period covers a period of time during which the processes of growth, development and functional characteristics of the body are the same. At the same time, the age period is the period of time necessary to complete a certain stage of development of the body and achieve its readiness for the corresponding activity at this stage.

This pattern formed the basis of age periodization - grouping children by age in the organization of scientifically based processes of nutrition, education and study, and a regime of mental and physical activity.

The first periodization of human growth and development was proposed by the Russian pediatrician N.P. Gundobin (1906).

In 1965, a biological scheme of age periodization was adopted, proposed by the Institute of Physiology of Children and Adolescents (Moscow). The identification of 7 periods of maturation of the organism was based on an assessment of the characteristics of individual development, including a complex of characteristics considered as an indicator of biological age - body and organ sizes, body weight, ossification of the skeleton, teething, degree of puberty.

Modern physiology, considering the period of maturation of the child’s body from the moment of fertilization of the egg, divides it into 2 stages.

The intrauterine stage includes: 1) the phase of embryonic development (0-2 months); 2) phase of fetal development (3-9 months).

The extrauterine stage includes:

1) the newborn period, or neonatal (0-1 month); 2) breast (postnatal) period (1 month - 1 year); 3) early childhood period (1-3 years); 4) preschool period (3-6 years); 5) the school period, which, in turn, is divided into junior school (6-9 years), middle school (10-14 years) and senior school (15-17 years) (E.P. Sushko et al., 2000 ).

Age periodization is a conventional designation of age that takes into account the properties of children’s bodies that change during the development process. Developed for the scientific substantiation of the system of health protection and development of physical and mental capabilities of children, methods of education and training. In these processes, it is also necessary to take into account the developmental features of an individual individual, who has certain differences in the genetic code and a complex mosaic of human life conditions. This is why the calendar (passport) age of children does not always correspond to their biological maturity. The difference between calendar and biological age in pathology can reach 5 years (G.N. Serdyukovskaya, 1989). Reasons for the lag - retardation(from lat. retardatio - slowdown) of individual development may be prematurity of the child, birth injuries, intoxication, rickets, as well as the influence of unfavorable social conditions (drunkenness of parents, neglect of children, etc.). Children who are ahead of their biological age are less common. There are more girls among them. Typical for such children are excess body weight, chronic tonsillitis, and vegetative-vascular dystonia.

In 1935, E. Koch proposed the term acceleration(from lat. acceleration - acceleration) to indicate changes in the growth and development of children in the 20th century. compared with the pace of these processes in the 19th century.

In the modern generation, the stage of biological maturation actually ends earlier. Development accelerates from an early age: the body weight of newborns increased by 100-300 g, body length - by 1.2-1.5 cm (Yu.A. Yampolskaya, 1980). Weight doubling occurs already in the 4-5th month, and not in six months. The replacement of baby teeth is completed a year earlier (V.N. Kordashenko, 1980). Acceleration shifts manifest themselves most clearly in adolescence.

The phenomenon of acceleration is explained by the influence of a wide range of factors on the biology of modern man (ionizing and radioactive radiation; heterosis associated with the migration of the modern population: urbanization, chemicalization, etc.) and does not always have a positive effect on the body of children. Modern experts believe that the rate of acceleration has noticeably decreased in recent years.

Division of children into age groups in kindergartens. For more successful work with children, it is considered appropriate to divide into age groups. This takes into account the totality of the anatomical and physiological characteristics of children, living conditions, upbringing and education of children. Each age group must have optimal conditions that ensure the normal development of the child’s body and the formation of his personality.

In preschool institutions, groups are formed taking into account the age of the children (Table 1.1).

At the present stage, due to the long maternity leave of women (from 2 months to 3 years), the number of nursery groups in ordinary preschool institutions has decreased significantly, but they are available in children's homes.

* Composition and area of preschool premises. A guide to the building codes of the Republic of Belarus; 3.02.01-96 To SNiP 2.08.02.89. 1996. P. 7.

In the existing age periodization, insufficient attention is paid to the period of intrauterine development - the life of the embryo and fetus in a different environment, where part of onto- and phylogenesis occurs. However, the further growth, development and health of the unborn child largely depend on this period.

Table 1.1

Groups in preschool institutions corresponding to age periods

		Number of children (persons)
1. Junior nursery		10 (maximum)
2. Senior nursery
3. Preschool:	3-6 years (according to medical certificate, more than 7 years)
4. Mixed ages
5. Poor health
6. Short stay		no more than the appropriate age

Prenatal period The life of the body lasts from the moment of fertilization of the egg until the moment of birth of a person and is 9 calendar months, or, on average, 280 days. In the first three months, the formation of the fetus occurs. This period was called the phase, or stage, of embryonic development. In this phase, the internal environment of the mother's body is the environment of the fetus.

At the stage of embryonic development (from the 8th day to the 10th week), organogenesis occurs - the formation of all internal organs and systems of the unborn child. Various chronic infections and intoxications, harmful occupational factors can affect the development of the embryo; in addition, embryonic cells are very sensitive to various irritants. Exposure to harmful factors causes embryopathies - diseases of the intrauterine period leading to developmental defects in children. This period is considered a critical period of development.

From the beginning of the 3rd month, the phase of placental development begins (from the 12th week before birth), in which further development of internal organs occurs. The early placental period is an important stage in the development of the fetus, since the correct formation of the placenta, and therefore the placental circulation, ensures further normal growth and development of the fetus. Various diseases of the mother, toxicosis (as a result of smoking, drinking alcohol, drugs) lead to disruption of placental circulation.

The characteristic features of this period are: rapid growth of the fetus, further differentiation of organs, the formation of the main structural and functional characteristics of the unborn child. Various unfavorable factors (endo- and exogenous) in this period cause growth retardation, differentiation of organs and tissues and lead to the birth of a premature baby. Many diseases of the fetus, which are often associated with early infections (infection occurs transplacentally), such as AIDS, rubella, influenza, listeriosis, toxicoplasmosis, yersiniosis, brucellosis, syphilis, as well as various toxicoses, including drug-induced, also have a negative effect.

The later (fetal) stage is characterized by the accumulation of microelements, some vitamins, and the maturation of enzyme systems in the fetal body. Damage to the fetus during this period can cause intrauterine malnutrition, functional failure of systems and organs, premature birth, and congenital infections.

The neonatal period lasts from the moment of birth until 28 days of life. This period is divided into early (0-6 days) and late (7-28 days). The newborn period is the most important and most critical period, accompanied by great stress for the child. A severe stress reaction of the body is confirmed by profound morphological and functional changes in the endocrine, nervous and other systems of internal organs. Changing living conditions - existence outside the mother's body - forces the newborn to adapt to new environmental factors.

The main changes occurring in the child’s body are adaptation to new living conditions, the emergence of pulmonary respiration, restructuring of the circulatory system, gastrointestinal tract, and changes in metabolism.

During intrauterine development, gas exchange occurs through the placenta; after childbirth, the lungs expand and pulmonary respiration occurs. Constant large and small circles of blood circulation are “started up”. The type of digestion changes completely due to a change in the child’s means of nutrition; in the first 24-48 hours, the intestines are populated by different bacteria.

During this period, a condition may develop that indicates a violation of the adaptive capabilities of the child’s body in environmental conditions. This condition is observed when hygienic food standards and care regimens are violated and is called transient (transitional). All this affects the functions of the organs and systems of the newborn and often causes their disruption.

There is a transient loss of initial body weight on the 3-4th day of life (by 5-6% of birth weight) as a result of fasting and loss of water when autonomous processes of breathing, urination, etc. begin. Prevention of this disorder is early latching of the child to the breast . With a sharp change in ambient temperature, such children easily overheat or cool down as a result of imperfections in the body's thermoregulation processes. Therefore, it is necessary to maintain adequate temperature conditions (using incubators for premature babies, etc.), which is determined by the degree of maturity of the child and the ambient temperature.

In the first days of life, newborns develop an increased concentration of bilirubin, which in 60-70% of cases is accompanied by a jaundiced coloration of the skin and mucous membranes; This is due to the accelerated hemolysis of red blood cells containing hemoglobin F and the low activity of liver enzymes that bind bilirubin with glucuronic acid.

Newborns develop a hormonal imbalance, or crisis, caused by an increase in the blood of maternal hormones - estrogens, supplied through mother's milk. Possible engorgement of the mammary glands, bleeding from the vagina in girls, rash, pigmentation of the skin near the nipples and genitals, on the face, etc.

Significant transient changes are observed in the function of the kidneys, cardiovascular system, and metabolic processes.

In the later, neonatal period (end of the 1st - beginning of the 2nd week), under normal conditions of nutrition, adherence to the regimen and care of newborns, most of the disorders almost completely disappear. But there are limits to adaptation, beyond which the disease develops under the influence of negative factors. Diseases of children of this period are different. Some are associated with intrauterine development disorders (prematurity, developmental anomalies), others with birth trauma (intracranial hemorrhage, bone fractures, asphyxia), and others with heredity (hemophilia, mental retardation). Viral and bacterial infections often lead to stillbirths or children unable to survive outside the mother's body.

Newborns are very sensitive to pyogenic infection, which can cause sepsis, most often penetrating through the umbilical wound, damaged skin, etc.

Infancy (postnatal period) lasts from 1 month to 1 year. This period is characterized by rapid growth rates, body weight, intense metabolism, and the development of statics and motor skills.

In order to ensure enhanced growth and development, 1-year-old children need more food per 1 kg of body weight than older children. But the digestive tract at this age is not sufficiently developed, and even with a slight disturbance in nutrition, quality and quantity of food, children may experience both acute and chronic digestive and nutritional disorders, and vitamin deficiencies.

Insufficient development of the digestive organs and their limited function (breast milk is the main food until 5-6 months of life) can cause diseases of the gastrointestinal tract (gastrointestinal tract).

Acute childhood infections (measles, rubella, scarlet fever, etc.) are rarely observed in infancy, and in cases of infection, the disease is more severe; They differ in the prevalence of general signs and the low expressiveness of specific local symptoms. The skin and tissues of infants are delicate and easily damaged. However, due to the presence of a large number of capillaries and young cellular elements in the tissues, when damaged, healing occurs faster than in adults.

The relative rarity of infectious diseases in children of this age is due to the immunity that they received from the mother through the placenta, and over the course of the year they were reinforced with antibodies contained in mother’s milk.

The preschool (nursery) period lasts from 1 to 3 years. During this period, the child’s growth and development occurs at a slower pace. The increase in height is 8-10 cm, weight - 4-6 kg per year. The proportions of the body change significantly, the size of the head is relatively reduced from 1/4 of the body length in a newborn to 1/5 in a 3-year-old child (Fig. 1.1). The complication of the function of the gastrointestinal tract and the presence of teeth (there should be 8 of them by the end of the year) are the basis for starting artificial feeding of the child.

In the 2nd year of life, intensive growth and formation of the musculoskeletal system occurs. Improving the central nervous system and understanding the environment contributes to the development of motor skills and active participation in games. Children sit, walk, and run independently. The vocabulary increases significantly (200-300 words); They pronounce both individual words and entire phrases well.

newborn 2 years 6 years 20 years

Rice. 1.1. Changes in body proportions with age

Wider contacts with the environment, with children and adults create a risk of contracting infectious diseases. At this time, passive immunity received from the mother is weakened, and the possibility of infectious diseases (measles, chicken pox, whooping cough, scarlet fever, dysentery, digestive disorders, respiratory diseases) increases.

The skin and tissues remain delicate and are easily injured, which requires careful care and appropriate hygiene techniques.

Preschool age lasts from 3 to 7 years. This period is characterized by an even greater slowdown in the child’s growth rate. The annual increase in height is on average 5-8 cm, body weight - about 2 kg. The proportions of the body also change significantly - by the age of 6-7 years the length of the head is 1/6 of the length of the body, and the growth of the limbs accelerates (see Fig. 1.1). There is further improvement of the central and peripheral nervous system, development of muscle tissue, which allows children to perform various physical exercises that require precise coordination of movements. This promotes the development of movements and skills - children run a lot and quickly, walk on tiptoe, play musical instruments, draw, cut out paper crafts, etc.

Thanks to further neuropsychic development and strengthening of negative induction in the cerebral cortex, the functional capacity of nerve cells increases, so children can engage in any concentrated activity for a longer time. The vocabulary is significantly expanded, and speech signals play an increasingly important role in the child’s behavior. Speech development is facilitated by various games, activities, learning poems, songs, and relationships between children and adults. The child masters speech, the pronunciation of individual words and phrases through adoption, so the formation of correct speech depends on the people around him. To prevent speech delay, adults need to be attentive to the child and monitor their own and his speech.

Children 3-5 years old have insufficiently developed speech motor skills, as a result of which they are characterized by physiological deficiencies in pronouncing certain sounds: impaired pronunciation of hissing and whistling sounds, as well as “r”, “l”, “k”, etc. With proper training, sound speech culture, these shortcomings quickly disappear. In cases of delayed development of speech motor skills in children in preschool institutions and schools, it is carried out by speech therapists.

At preschool age, the proportion of acute viral infections - influenza, acute respiratory infections - increases. Respiratory diseases take first place. Inflammation of the lungs is more often observed in 2-4 years of life, and by the 7th year it most often occurs as a complication of viral diseases.

Until the end of preschool age, the number of cases of chronic tonsillitis and the tendency to rheumatism increases, the number of visual impairments, allergic diseases, and neurotic disorders increases almost 2 times.

At the end of the preschool period, the structure of chronic diseases in children is distributed as follows: in the first place are diseases of the digestive system; on the second - diseases of the respiratory system (primarily the nasopharynx); on the third - diseases of the musculoskeletal system and connective tissue (flat feet, scoliosis, etc.); on the fourth - diseases of the nervous system and sensory organs (neuroses, myopia, enuresis, otitis media, etc.); fifth - skin diseases (diathesis, etc.). Consequently, the main attention of educators, teachers, and doctors should be aimed at timely prevention of health problems in children, identifying existing deviations and taking appropriate measures to treat them.

School age begins at 6-7 years and lasts until 17 years. A normally developed 6-7 year old child is morphologically and functionally ready for school education.

The child’s nervous system, analyzers, endocrine and other systems have acquired sufficient functional maturity. The replacement of baby teeth with permanent ones ends. Purposeful activities at school are not only feasible, but also useful for children; they improve the central nervous system, in particular the cerebral cortex, innate reactions and abilities, create conditions for the development of new connections and reactions, and promote faster development.

The time of old age is extremely arbitrary; as life expectancy increases, ideas about it change.

In different periods of the history of society and in different cultures, the beginning of old age was determined as follows: Pythagoras - 60 years, Chinese scientists - 70 years, English physiologists XX V. - over 50 years old, the German physiologist M. Rubner considered 50 years of age to be old age, 70 years of age - respectable old age.

As you know, in practice, people who have retired are usually considered elderly. However, this measure cannot be universal, since the retirement age varies from country to country. However, women tend to retire earlier than men. So, in our country, they have the right to receive an old-age pension from the age of 55, while men - from the age of 60. In addition, Federal Law No. 166-FZ of December 15, 2001 (as amended on May 3, 2011) “On State Pension Provision in the Russian Federation” provides for differences in retirement age for different social and professional groups. However, in the vast majority of countries in the world, older people include citizens aged 60 years and older.

According to the definition of the World Health Organization (WHO), the “old old” people who retired a long time ago are significantly different from the “new old”, i.e. those who have recently retired. For social workers, it is important, first of all, to have comprehensive information about the population of elderly and elderly people they serve. In geriatrics and gerontopsychiatry it has become an axiom that the physical and psychological characteristics of people differ significantly over 5-year periods: 60-64 years, 65-69 years, 70-74 years, etc. Therefore, in order to obtain social information and create a data bank about elderly and old people, it is important to know not only the demographic characteristics of a particular area, but also the picture of demographic changes in this population group.

Typically, pronounced signs of aging appear in a person from the age of 60 (age from 60 to 75 years is conventionally considered elderly). However, in fact, the aging process begins when the growth and development of the body ends.

According to WHO classification, age

up to 44 years of age is considered young;
45-59 - average;
60-74 - elderly;
75-89 - senile;
people aged 90-100 years and older - long-lived.

Of course, all these divisions are arbitrary; exact boundaries of different periods of human life cannot be established, since it represents continuous development, and the age-related changes occurring in the body are numerous and varied.

Thus, a person is conventionally considered old from the age of 75, i.e. 15-20 years after he retires.

Juvenology (practical gerontology) has its own gradation:

up to 30 years old - youth;
30-60 years - first youth;
60-90 years - second youth;
after 90 years - third youth.

So, from the perspective of juvenology, long-livers who have retained physical and creative activity can be called young. They are, in a certain sense, a model of the future.

A comparison of various age classifications gives an extremely varied picture in determining the boundaries of old age, which range widely from 45 to 70 years. It is characteristic that in almost all age classifications of old age one can see a tendency towards its differentiation into subperiods. It should be taken into account that once old age sets in, the aging process does not end, and there are large differences between aging people.

According to the American psychologist E. Erikson, it is believed that old age is a stage of personality development, at which it is possible either to acquire such a quality as integrativeness - the integrity of the individual, or to experience despair because life is almost over, but it was not lived as wanted and planned . E. Erikson described the crisis experienced during aging, which marks the completion of the previous life path, and its resolution depends on how this path was passed from the point of view of the person experiencing the crisis. According to E. Erikson, the main task of old age is to achieve integrity, awareness and acceptance of the life and people lived as internally necessary and the only possible.

Integrity is based on the understanding that life has taken place and nothing can be changed in it. Wisdom consists in accepting your own life as a whole, with all its ups and downs, in the absence of bitterness over a wrongly lived life and the opportunity to start it over again.

English gerontologist D.B. Bromley views human life as a set of five cycles: uterine, childhood, adolescence, adulthood and aging. The aging cycle includes three stages:

1) removal of the department, “retirement”, as the author puts it - 65-70 years;
2) old age - 70 years or more;
3) decrepitude, painful old age and death - a maximum of about 110 years (in England and Western Europe).

Old age, according to D.B. Bromley is characterized very succinctly: complete unemployment, absence of any roles other than family ones, growing social isolation, a gradual reduction in the circle of close people, especially among peers, physical and mental disability.

The aging process occurs individually in each person. However, it is important to realize that older people are an age group that has socially specific characteristics and needs.

In domestic science, the following age periodization scheme has been adopted:

elderly age- 60-74 years (men), 55-74 years (women);
old age - 75-90 years;
centenarians- 90 years and older.

Borders retirement age are established by the state. When determining the retirement age, the age is taken into account chronological - number of years lived.

Also distinguished functional age, which reflects the age-related dynamics of physiological functions, is determined by the genetic component, lifestyle, past diseases, stressful situations, physical, mental and intellectual activity; psychological age - a group of indicators characterizing age-related dimensions of the psyche; biological age- an indicator of the level of wear and tear of the structure and functions of the body.

It is noted that the distinctions between periods are conditional, since calendar (chronological) and biological, as well as psychological age, do not always coincide.

There are also normal, or physiological, and premature aging. At physiological aging changes in the basic physiological systems of the body occur relatively smoothly: a person retains physical and mental activity and interest in the world around him until a very old age. Old age as a general biological process should not be identified with disease. Premature aging largely due to previous diseases, adverse effects of environmental factors, bad habits, as well as stress on the body’s regulatory systems.

The causes of normal and premature aging are different. Natural, physiological old age develops gradually and is characterized by a harmonious decline in all vital functions, evenly developing atrophic changes with almost complete preservation of working capacity, cheerfulness and interest in the world around us. Such people sometimes look younger than their years.

Pathological old age, or, as it is also called, premature, is characterized by the early onset of senile changes, leading to a premature weakening of physical strength and mental activity. As a rule, age-related changes are aggravated by various chronic diseases that accelerate decrepitude. That's why we sometimes note the discrepancy between biological and passport age: sometimes a young man of 20-30 years old looks like an old man, and an old man of 90 looks cheerful and full of energy.

The discrepancy between the state of an aging body and age norms necessitated the introduction of the concept of “biological age,” which may not coincide with calendar age, in particular, “ahead” of it due to premature aging. And, conversely, there are often cases when, for example, at the age of 70, the state of the body corresponds to the age norms of a 60-year-old person. Determining biological age is of great practical importance in the prevention and treatment of various diseases, in addressing issues of a rational lifestyle and work activity.

There are several methods for determining it, one of them was developed in Russia (L. Belozerova). When determining biological age, the totality of functional disorders in an individual is determined, which is correlated with the average indicators for a certain age. Biological and calendar ages may not coincide with each other and differ by 10-20 years. It is especially common to encounter the phenomena of premature aging - progeria. Typically, premature aging is associated either with diseases (for example, diabetes, chronic infection, arterial hypertension) or with an unhealthy lifestyle - primarily smoking, drinking. The prevailing opinion that physical activity ages a person is not true - if physical activity does not exceed the physiological norm, then, on the contrary, it helps to reduce biological age.

The biological age of a particular person depends on the totality of the functional reserves of all organs and systems. It is to increase this biological age with a focus on healthy and active prolongation of life that the efforts of geroprotection (prevention of premature aging) should be directed - not just to live, but to live well.

Thus, in a living organism, two mutually opposite processes occur simultaneously, closely related to each other, but always balanced - creation and destruction. Creation is a complex set of biochemical processes occurring in the body, associated with the assimilation of substances coming from the external environment and the formation of more complex chemical compounds. In this case, the destroyed cell substance is restored, their renewal and, at the same time, the growth and development of the organism and all its individual parts.

The opposite process - destruction - comes down to the breakdown of cellular proteins and other compounds. During the period of growth and development of the body, the first predominates, during aging - the second.

The main manifestations of aging are associated with age-related changes in the function of the central nervous system (CNS). First of all, the mobility of the processes of excitation and inhibition is weakened. The activity of the analyzers is disrupted, sensitivity, smell, visual acuity and the power of accommodation of the eyes are weakened, and the upper limit of hearing gradually decreases. There is a decrease in mental activity, a sharpening of characterological characteristics is observed, and emotional instability develops. An elderly person is afraid of any life changes, he is conservative in his judgments and actions, and is prone to moralizing. Lack of self-control makes a person irritable, hot-tempered, aggressive or, on the contrary, insecure, depressed and whiny. In old age, anxiety easily arises, often for insignificant reasons.

A significant part of the troubles that plague the existence of older people is associated with psychological and social issues. Retirement after a long working life is accompanied by a sharp change in habits, life pattern, a painful feeling of loneliness and uselessness, and a significant reduction in material resources. The impact of a sudden change in social conditions affects especially people working in a highly specialized field. Persons with multifaceted intellectual needs, on the contrary, rejoice at the upcoming opportunity to devote themselves entirely to their favorite work.

A sharp disruption of the usual way of life is especially painful for men, since women still have their previous daily worries.

The critical period of retirement often coincides with the weakening of family ties between parents and children. The younger generation at this time is entering a state of maturity and often does not want to put up with manifestations of conservatism and dogmatism of older people. Reasons for minor conflicts become more frequent as a result of living together. If an elderly person has to live away from children, then the feeling of loneliness increases.

The situation of the elderly becomes even more tragic if one of the spouses dies long before the other. A lonely man in this situation turns out to be even more confused and helpless compared to a woman. Not having the strength to cope with the small worries of everyday life, often without any help in everyday life, a lonely man little by little loses his taste for life, eats worse and becomes completely depressed. This may very well explain the significant increase in suicide rates among people over 70 years of age.

With aging, mental disorders most often manifest themselves as neurosis-like, hypochondriacal, depressive, anxiety-depressive syndromes, and a pronounced sharpening of personal characterological traits. Psychotic disorders, as a rule, are a consequence of endogenous, endogenous- and exogenous-organic and functional diseases of the brain in elderly and senile people (presenile and senile dementia, depression, cerebral atherosclerosis).

How to look into the deep secrets of early aging? What are the secrets to a long life?

Currently, there are several hundred theories and hypotheses trying to explain the mechanism of aging, but none of them provides a complete, comprehensive justification. Some partially explain the mechanisms of aging, others are only of historical interest, and others are rejected as untenable. Chapter is devoted to consideration of theories of aging. 2.

Belozerova L.M. Ontogenetic method for determining the biological age of a person // Advances in gerontology. 1999. Vol. 3.

Game technology. Age characteristics

The methodology for teaching games begins, first of all, with safety precautions related to the life and health of children. In the context of a toy library, this is compliance with the norms of the child’s physical and mental processes, in accordance with his age group.

It is necessary to distinguish three age groups characteristic of the system of temporary children's collective in the conditions of summer and year-round recreation:

1. Younger age group (9-11 years old). 9

2. Middle age group (11-13 years old) 10

3. Senior age group (13-16 years old) 12

Knowing the main age characteristics, this will help you not only determine the physical and emotional state of the participant, but also competently organize and conduct any game, without harming the child’s health, but only strengthening it.

Younger age group (9-11 years old).

Physical Features:

· the cardiovascular system lags behind other organs and systems in its development, which leads to rapid fatigue, especially from monotonous movements;

· a small margin of safety of the supporting apparatus, weak muscles, especially the back and abdominals, which increases the possibility of various injuries during games (sprains, consequences of falls, etc.)

Main Feature:

“hyper” mobility and activity;

· inability to concentrate one’s attention on one thing for a long time (“hyper” inattention);

· inconsistency of movements;

· full acceptance of the judgments and assessments of adults.

1. Outdoor games with running and jumping should be limited in time, accompanied by frequent breaks and changes in the nature of movements.

2. Games involving heavy force loads and prolonged immobile sitting are unacceptable.

3. If, according to the rules of the game, the child must leave it, then only for a short time, otherwise he will break the rules by entering the game on his own, without permission.

4. Children of this age love games in which they must “freeze” in place. Such games contribute to the development of the necessary inhibition function at this age.

5. All little children love to drive in the game. The choice of driver must be justified each time: “he has never driven with us before,” “he was very brave in the previous game,” “he followed the rules very honestly.” The driver can be selected using a counter (fair ranking*) or the winner of the previous game can be assigned to them.

6. Children should be taught to play, taught to act on a signal, for example, “freeze-freeze” or “where are our hands and feet.” Such effective attraction of general attention will always help you in maintaining the required discipline, which is problematic at this age, as well as developing a quick reaction when building a squad, establishing silence, etc.

7. When finishing the game, it is necessary to mark the best, most proactive players.

8. Simple role-playing games with the performance of animal roles (“Instant Theatre”) and, of course, a variety of outdoor games are useful.

10. Play more games to develop attention.

And remember! Constantly playing with the “hyper” active and inattentive children of this group, counselors, first of all, teach them to listen carefully and always be close to them.

Middle age group (11-13 years old)

Physical Features:

· the process of puberty begins (girls are ahead of boys);

· heart rate increases, development of the skeleton, arms, legs accelerates;

· frequent headache appears;

· At the same time, the child’s nervous system is actively developing, characterized by increased excitability.

Main Feature:

· violent manifestation of emotions;

· increased desire for disputes, intransigence;

· tendency to conflicts with peers and adults, but easy contact;

· desire for active practical activity (test oneself);

· passion for joint collective activities;

· willing to carry out assignments, but with an appreciation for the role that falls to them, in contrast to younger people;

· success causes an emotional upsurge, failure causes a sharp loss of interest in the matter;

· girls are calm and obedient, boys are more energetic and emotional, shy away from public affairs, persistently looking for an example to follow.

1. It is necessary to choose games that do not contain large emotional stress.

2. Play more outdoor games.

3. The rules of the game and the game itself must be played and “judged” at a pace (imagery is optional).

4. More often conduct team games associated with the creation of mixed “instant” groups.

5. Declare and invent collective creative activities as a game.

6. Create a “success situation” for an individual child or group.

7. Conduct more energizing games and attention games aimed at emotional mobilization of the group.

And remember! With the necessary assessment in the game (behavior, performance, result, readiness), a teenager already at this age requires the validity of your comment, and this comment should be somehow aimed at a “success situation.” Be careful with even what you think is “harmless criticism.”