What is the name of the fabric that stretches? Cotton fabric and its types

Fabric of natural origin. It is obtained from the cocoon of an insect pupa, which is called the “silkworm”. Nowadays, you can find not only natural, but also artificial silk, as well as material with the addition of synthetics.

Silk fibers were first produced in China. It was in the Celestial Empire that a special technology for manufacturing this wonderful material was discovered back in the 5th millennium BC. For a long time it was kept in the strictest confidence.

There are a huge number of types of silk fabrics. Their main differences are in the weaving technology that gives them unique features And appearance.

Satin is a shiny and dense silk fabric. The surface of the satin is usually smooth, but the material can also be patterned. The satin has a characteristic shine, the front side resembles gloss. This effect is achieved using a special production technology.

The type of weaving of this fabric, like raw silk itself, was invented in China. Together with the technique of producing material from silkworm cocoons, this knowledge came first to Central Asia and then to Europe, where the material became widespread.

Gas (illusion gas, rice gas, marabou gas, crystal gas)

This is a translucent silk fabric, which is achieved by the large space between its threads. The gas is very light and soft. In the manufacture of different types of gas, patterned, smooth and diagonal weaving is used.

Illusion gas is the thinnest and almost transparent material, reminiscent of a light cobweb. Made from the finest silk yarn. Curtains, light scarves, and elements of wedding decorations are made from it.

Gas-rice is light, transparent and slightly rough. The texture is achieved thanks to a special rice weave. Hence the name.

Gas marabou is a rather rigid golden material made from raw silk, made from tightly twisted threads. It was widespread at the beginning of the 18th century. Used for sewing fluffy women's dresses.

Gas crystal has a bright shine. In its production, multi-colored threads are used, causing the surface to shimmer like gems. In France, chic ball gowns were made from it.

Crepe

The name of the material is translated from French as “wavy”, “rough”. When making crepe, the threads are twisted left and right, alternating in a certain way.

This fabric is characterized by an uneven surface. The texture is somewhat similar to sand.

The crepe drapes perfectly, lays down in beautiful waves, and does not wrinkle. Things made from it last a very long time.

In addition to silk crepe, it can be made of cotton, wool blend, or synthetic. Nowadays it is used mainly for women's dresses.

Thin translucent lightweight fabric made from . It comes in matte and glossy. Patterns are embroidered on organza and original designs are applied using printing. Suits are often made from it oriental dance and curtains.

Silk-Satin

Satin comes from the word "zaytuni" - the Arabic name for Quanzhou harbor in China, the birthplace of this fabric. Silk-satin has a smooth, dense surface, which is characterized by a beautiful shine. Bed linen, men's shirts, and lining are made from it.

Silk-satin is made from two types of material - 100% cotton sateen and pure silk. The weave density of this fabric is 170–220 threads per 1 square meter. cm.

Important! Linen made from silk-satin is very strong and durable. It can withstand over 200 washes, does not fray, and is cheaper than silk. .

Fabric made from tightly twisted silk and cotton threads. Synthetic fibers are often involved in production. Taffeta is distinguished by its high density and rigidity. Forms brittle folds, which allows you to achieve additional volume and fluffiness.

The toile is distinguished by high density and delicate shine. This fabric holds its shape perfectly and is used as a lining for sewing dresses and ties.

Chiffon

Very thin air material from tightly twisted silk threads. It is transparent, light and flows beautifully. Great for sewing summer blouses and light scarves.

Chesucha (wild silk)

Chesucha is a wild dense silk with an amazing texture. In production, threads of unequal thickness are used, which form such a surface. It is durable, drapes well, but requires delicate care. Chesucha is used in sewing curtains and various clothes.

Foulard is most often used as a finishing material. Thin and soft silk fabric from which shawls, scarves and scarves are sewn. In the 20th century, dresses, curtains and lampshades were also made from foulard.

Thick curtain fabric medium degree rigidity, with a pleasant shine. This exclusive fabric, almost entirely made from natural silk. DuPont made in India is especially valued. Wedding and evening dresses, accessories and expensive bed linen are made from it.

Silk fabric made using crepe weaving. The front surface of crepe georgette is shiny and rough.

Important! The difference between crepe georgette and other types of crepe is the direction of weaving. During production, the warp and weft threads are twisted in different directions. This makes it dense, but light and elastic.

During the era of balls, fashionable women's toilets were made from crepe georgette. Now this fabric is not so popular. It is used to make draped curtains, as well as some models of skirts, blouses and scarves.

Type of silk crepe fabric - h grainy with crepe twisting technology. It has a moderate shine, is dense and fine. Shawls, suits, and blouses are made from crepe de Chine.

Important! Soft flowing folds and draperies - characteristic this material.

Epontage (or pongee) is distinguished between silk and cotton. The material has an uneven spongy surface with a decorative color pattern in the form of cells, stripes, and melange.

Brocade has always been considered the fabric of nobles, royalty and church ministers. This heavy material is made from silk with a complex pattern made with metal thread. Previously, the pattern was made with threads from alloys of gold and silver. This explains the high cost of the material.

Nowadays, patterns on brocade are embroidered not only from hard metal threads. Use threads made of linen, silk or cotton.

Muslin is made from high-wrap natural silk. The material is transparent and thin. Used for sewing theatrical costumes and dresses.

Twill(Italian sargia, French serge; from Latin sericus - “silk”) - twill production technology - weaving threads diagonally. Each subsequent thread offsets the intersection by 2 or more other threads. Twill is produced plain-dyed or printed. Used as lining, technical or dress fabric, for sewing workwear.

Excelsior, excelsior

Plain weave silk fabric with a distinct sheen, fine and transparent. In production, untwisted thread is used. Excelsior drapes well. The fabric is quite beautiful. It is used by designers who work with batik, as well as those who create silk flowers and decorative elements.

Complex models of skirts and dresses are made from shape-resistant materials that will preserve the lines of the silhouette. The fabric should be moderately stiff and dense, but not heavy, because a large consumption of material for a full skirt can turn the product into heavy armor.

In addition, to create stable forms, hard ones are used, such as. The material acts as a frame, does not allow light tissues to change shape and facilitates the movements of the legs.

Small details that serve as decoration for the model (collars, for example) are additionally reinforced with doublerin or interlining to improve the dimensional stability of the fabric. Let's take a closer look at the materials that will help bring the most daring silhouettes to life.

Fabric for dresses and circle skirts

The skirt as a garment is believed to have evolved from a simple loincloth. To hide the body, any material was suitable - even woven fabric, even animal skin. Later this item of clothing became an integral part women's dress, therefore, we will consider shape-resistant fabrics for sewing skirts and dresses in one section.

The circle skirt is elegant and original

Dress materials must be practical, wear-resistant, and also aesthetic. Such an outfit can be worn on absolutely any occasion - to work, to a celebration, to a social reception (choosing the appropriate models). It is desirable that the skirt in which you will have to sit does not wrinkle and retains an attractive drape. This is why it is so important to choose durable, reliable textiles to create an outfit.

The circle skirt is very interesting model, which is also found in dresses. When you look at the pattern from above, it resembles a circle with a cutout in the center for the waist. When sewn, the skirt falls in loose folds, hides the hip lines, and widens downwards. Models made of rigid fabrics form persistent romantic folds, as if the product is supported by a crinoline or special rings.

Atlas

Smooth, elegant fabric with shine, quite heavy and dense, and therefore shape-resistant. Traditionally made from . There are options with cotton and viscose, as well as synthetic fibers. This mixture is considered more affordable, but of lower quality.

Advantages of the material:

strength;
tear resistance;
hygroscopicity;
durability.

Spectacular skirts, evening and wedding dresses, as well as lingerie and lingerie are sewn from satin. Satin with the addition of synthetic fibers can stretch over time, so you need to pay attention to the label with detailed composition.

Viscose

Material Features:

draped;
softly fits the figure;
practically does not wrinkle;
hides figure flaws.

A huge number of different clothes are sewn from georgette: suits, dresses and much more.

Suede

Suede holds its shape well

It is a textile analogue of specially tanned genuine leather with the same name. The manufacturing method is simple: prepared pile is glued onto the woven base (it covers the material from the back and back front side).

Also among the advantages of the material are:

and does not sit down;
keeps its shape perfectly;
does not absorb moisture;
resistance to pollution.

Suede is used to make spectacular dresses, trousers, skirts, as well as shoes and various accessories. The material is considered humane and safe because the production of textiles does not require the use of the skin of living creatures.

Crepe

Crepe is not easy certain type fabrics are a whole group of textiles made from highly twisted threads, often interconnected with a special crepe weave. There are crepe de chine, crepe chiffon, crepe georgette, crepe satin and many other varieties. The material is made from silk, cotton, wool, artificial and synthetic fibers.

Advantages:

density;
wear resistance;
drapeability;
does not wrinkle;
retains its shape.

Suits and dresses are made from crepe various styles, as well as kimono.

Organza

Silk organza holds its shape perfectly

Airy, refined material. It can be matte or shiny, it is decorated with etching, printing and embroidery. The main feature of the fabric is its rigidity and extraordinary dimensional stability, despite its external delicacy. Organza is made from tightly twisted threads of silk, viscose or polyester.

Positive properties of the fabric:

does not wrinkle;
high strength;
allows light and air to pass through;
does not deform;
very durable.

Due to its transparency and rigidity, organza is rarely used independently to create clothing. Most often it plays the role of inserts, finishing elements, and is also used on top of a cover or lining.

Eco leather

An excellent material that does not require a single sacrifice in the animal world to obtain. – a two-layer fabric; to create it, the woven fabric is covered with a polymer layer. The surface of the material is painted and decorated with prints that imitate the texture of natural leather. The base can be cotton or polyester.

Among the many advantages of the material are:

strength;
elasticity;
wear resistance;
breathability.

In addition, the material retains the shape it is given; it does not stretch or wear out. Interesting skirts and dresses are sewn from eco-leather (the material is used independently and can also be used to decorate other fabrics).

Fabric for petticoats

Taffeta

Traditionally used as linings and petticoats. Like organza, it is a stiff fabric with a glossy sheen. Made from tightly twisted fibers. Taffeta is made from silk, cotton, viscose and polyester. Several types of fabric are available: plain, printed, shanzhan, tapestry.

Advantages of taffeta:

repels moisture;
resists tears well;
does not rub off;
forms and maintains rigid folds.

Sew from taffeta fluffy dresses for weddings and other celebrations, skirts and blouses, home decor elements.

Fatin

The petticoat helps the skirt keep its shape and not get underfoot

So that the skirt retains a fluffy silhouette, and the owner feels like a princess from fairy tale, use tulle petticoats. The material is a thin, rigid mesh with small cells that perfectly supports the upper layers of fabric and does not allow the material to get tangled underfoot.

Tulle belongs to a special group of fabrics formed by a special weaving of weft and warp threads. The threads are intertwined, knotted and twisted, but loosely, so that there is an air gap between the vertical and horizontal lines. Modern mesh is made from synthetics (polyester, elastane), as well as viscose.

Features of tulle:

elasticity;
wear resistance;
the fabric does not wrinkle;
breathability;
transparency.

While single-layer tulle is used to create petticoats, from multilayer fabric sew their own fluffy skirts. The canvas forms voluminous folds, the layers overlap each other and lose transparency. A lot of material is required - tens of meters for one single thing.

Tulle is painted in various colors, decorated with sequins and rhinestones, sparkling embroidery. The material is used to create various silhouettes of dresses, as well as circle skirts.

What are collars made of?

Lace collar - neckline decor on a dress

The first collars in human history were made from natural fur to protect yourself from cold air and gusts of wind. Then this detail of clothing became more complex, turning into a decorative neckline on the dress and a man’s stand-up collar.

There are the following types of collars:

stand (straight cut, tightly fastened);
Italian (stand with separated corners);
turn-down (jacket type collar);
stand-up (most often found on men's shirts);
flat-lying (a typical representative is the collar on a sailor’s uniform);
frill (consists of frills and lace).

There are also cowl collars, “Berta” collars, “cadet” collars and many others. To create these clothing items, you need fabric that is resistant to deformation or special reinforcing layers.

Adhesive fabrics and non-adhesive reinforcement materials

Nonwoven different colors

Special reinforcement materials help give collars or cuffs extra rigidity and shape. Usually they use (fabric material adhesive on one side) and non-woven adhesive fabric (non-woven adhesive fabric). Duplicating fabric is selected depending on the strength and density of the material, as well as the type of product.

To distinguish woven adhesive material from non-woven, a corner of the fabric is simply stretched. Dublerin, for example, will stretch elastically, and non-woven fabric will tear, like paper. Nevertheless, “non-woven” has its advantages. This material consists of pressed fibers, so it does not crumble at all at the edges.

Non-woven fabric and dublerin - Additional materials, they are not used independently to create clothing. They are used in textile production and in designer studios. When sewing clothes at home, every needlewoman should also have adhesive fabrics.

Lace

An indispensable decorative material for creating collars is lace. Light openwork weaving with ornaments decorates women's shirts, dresses and sweaters. The material is produced in Russia, France, Italy, Belgium and other countries.

Based on the technique used, the following types of lace are distinguished:

wicker;
sewn;
nodular;
knitted.

Lace is also considered a fabric with a relief pattern connected by a mesh. Guipure differs from smooth and even openwork by its convex ornament.

To ensure that the lace collar stands up, holds its shape and does not wrinkle, it is coated with special compounds or starch. At home, the delicate part is treated with a starch aerosol or the traditional procedure of soaking the collar in an aqueous starch solution is performed. Fabric linings are also used.

conclusions

There are many shape-resistant fabrics that can be used to create beautiful silhouettes for skirts and dresses, as well as collars. Each material is special and is used in appropriate cases. Even the lightest and most delicate fabric can be used to create spectacular images, if you use fluffy petticoats (made of tulle, for example). There are also adhesive fabrics and materials that are used to sew and strengthen such miniature costume parts as collars.

One of the main factors thanks to which a person has long been able to protect himself from the vagaries of the weather is the production of fabrics and clothing. Since its inception in ancient times, this industry has developed dynamically, and today the consumer is presented with a wide variety of materials made from both natural and synthetic components.

Depending on the type of production, fabric products are conventionally divided into several categories. The main ones are:

Natural. These include wool, cotton, and linen. This category is made from raw materials of plant and animal origin.
Artificial. These include viscose, lurex, acetate. This variety can be created from organic and inorganic components. In particular, these can be cellulose and protein, as well as metal and glass, respectively.
Synthetics. The most popular raw materials here are polyester, polyvinyl, polyamide. Fabrics of this class are created from polymer threads.

The range of modern fabrics is large, and this is due not only to the possibilities of using various raw materials. Final Specifications ready material acquires through processing and the use of technology in production. In this case, the characteristics and properties are most often determined by the type of weave.

Types and features

Among the variety of options, the consumer’s attention is attracted by the characteristics of the fabrics used in tailoring. Most often this is:

Polyester

Inexpensive synthetics, which are made from polyester fibers. The surface is similar in appearance to wool, and in properties - to cotton. Distinctive features that allow you to sew inexpensive clothes are strength, wear resistance and the ability of products to be preserved for a long time. original appearance. In addition, the characteristics of the fabric make it easy to wash, reducing clothing maintenance to a minimum. The material dries quickly and easily changes shape under the influence of temperatures. This opens up wide possibilities for designers when creating folds, decorating clothes, curtains, curtains, etc.

Cotton

In the production of cotton fabric, soft and thin fibers are used, twisted along the axis. The material is characterized by high strength, resistance to chemical attack and the ability to maintain its original characteristics even under prolonged exposure to factors such as ultraviolet radiation, moisture, high and low temperatures. Fabric and clothing have an average hygroscopicity of 18-20%, so they dry slowly. The only drawback of the material is its low ability to retain shape and the risk of shrinkage if not properly cared for. Cotton products wrinkle quickly, which is not always convenient in everyday conditions. The advantages of this material include: extraordinary softness, breathability, durability. The scope of application of cotton fabrics is wide. The material becomes an excellent solution when sewing clothes and workwear, bed linen, furniture upholstery, etc.

Jacquard

Large-patterned fabric obtained using the technology of weaving warp and weft threads. High aesthetic characteristics and the complexity of the production process make the material an elite-class product. Natural raw materials are used to create the canvas, including cotton and linen, as well as wool and silk threads. In modern production, synthetic fibers can also be used, as well as a combination of artificial and natural ingredients. Manufacturing technology allows us to produce plain fabrics and fabrics with colored inserts. The “tapestry” effect is achieved using special dyeing methods. Today, jacquard is widely used in sewing outerwear, upholstery and other products. The cost of the material largely determines the raw materials, as well as the fabric processing technologies used.

Silk

Natural fabric, created using thread from a silkworm cocoon. The demand and extraordinary popularity of such fabric is due to the wide possibilities in the manufacture of clothing, in which the average person receives exquisite clothes that are comfortable to wear. Modern technologies allow you to create rayon. However, the value of such material, as well as the characteristics, differ significantly from the real thing, made from silk thread. First of all, these include unique shine, smoothness and strength: indicators that are achieved thanks to multi-stage production and the characteristics of silkworm threads.

Felt

Like felt, felt is created using wool felting technology. The process is carried out manually, and its result is the production of pieces of material. Unlike its denser counterpart, the production of felt uses thin goat or rabbit fluff, thanks to which the fabric acquires its characteristics. The creation of material today is somewhat different from the technology used in ancient times. With the advent of synthetic threads, it became possible to obtain smooth or fleecy fabric, which can also be divided into suede or long-pile felt subtypes. Most often, this material is used for sewing clothes that come into contact with the body. These can be hats, scarves, coats, etc. Thanks to the special texture of the fabric, such clothes can retain heat and create comfort when worn.

Fleece

Synthetic fabric, which today is one of the most popular in tailoring clothes and products intended for everyday use. In the production of fabric, a combination of several types of artificial fibers is used, the main one of which is polyester. The result of using this technology is the production of fabric that is lightweight, resistant to moisture and easy to care for. Various techniques production, at the same time, significantly expand the range of material thickness. Today, fleece is widely used for casual clothing and lining. The anti-pilling coating, which is often characteristic of modern fabrics, ensures the longest service life without loss of original characteristics. The main advantages of the material are hygroscopicity, lightness, and elasticity. Among the characteristics that provide comfort when wearing fleece clothing are breathability, the ability to dry quickly after washing, and minimal care and storage conditions.

Calico

Thick fabric made from cotton threads. Thanks to the use of plain weave technology, manufacturers obtain a durable material that is widely used by people in everyday life. The main subtypes of calico, which are popular among the modern man in the street, are suvoraya, bleached, printed and plain-dyed fabric. Various manufacturing techniques make it possible to create high-performance fabric, which is widely used for the manufacture of bed linen, tablecloths, curtains and curtains, etc.

Velveteen

Cotton fabric (can also be synthetic), characterized by increased density. A special feature of the material is the presence of a front side covered with fleecy scars and a back side with a smooth surface. Among the characteristics of the fabric are high elasticity, strength, and durability. Clothing made from corduroy is very warm, pleasant to the touch, and durable. The advantage of this material is its affordable price. Disadvantages include the risk of shrinkage and loss of appearance due to improper care. In modern clothing production, several subtypes of corduroy are used, including: cord, ribbed and shaped corduroy.

Velours

The fabric has a soft pile, is velvety and has high aesthetic appeal. The material in this category belongs to premium products and is widely used for sewing warm, practical, dense and wear-resistant clothing. Modern production allows us to produce several subtypes of velor. The main ones are: velvet and drape. Velor fabrics also include not only cotton materials, but also fabrics made from felt and leather.

A material that is obtained artificially from natural raw materials. A special feature of this fabric is its ability to be similar (depending on the technology used) to linen, silk or wool. Viscose products are very popular. This is due to the affordable price and the opportunity to get everyday wear clothes that differ maximum term operation. In the production of household items today, three types of viscose are used: spatula, technical and textile, however, only the last category is suitable for sewing clothes.

Guipure

In modern industry, guipure is made from several types of synthetic fibers, or with their addition. The main features are transparency, low weight, and rigidity. Disadvantages include low tear resistance and demanding conditions for care, wearing and storage.

Cashmere

A distinctive characteristic of the material is its extreme softness and tenderness. This feature is achieved through complex production and twill weaving, which uses thread made from the down of cashmere goats. The high cost of linen, as well as cashmere clothing, is due to comfort, aesthetics and hypoallergenicity. It is believed that real cashmere can be made from the down of animals living only in Pakistan, India, Nepal and China. This is due to the fact that when trying to recreate the fabric from the wool of ordinary goats, everything unique properties cashmere are lost.

Mohair

The material is made from the wool of the Angora goat. The most common variety today are uniform white fabrics, which are distinguished by a soft luster shine. The unique effect of such a product is provided by technology that uses transitional hair. The result is a resilient, fluffy fabric with high tensile strength, resilience and durability. The natural shine characteristic of mohair does not disappear even after dyeing.

Satin

The fabric is made from cotton fibers using satin weaving. It is characterized by a smooth and silky surface, in which weft threads predominate. The most popular ones today are printed and bleached satin. This material is widely used in the production of bed linen, lining fabric and casual clothing. Less commonly, satin is used to make men's shirts and summer dresses.

Fatin

Modern tulle is distinguished by a mesh structure, which provides the fabric with flowing lightness. The material is made of polyester, which makes it homogeneous and extremely durable. The main area of use of tulle is the creation of decorative elements of clothing. Soft fabric is also used in gift making and interior decoration. The characteristics of mesh tulle allow it to be successfully used as a canvas for embroidery.

Chiffon

The lightweight, flowy material with a somewhat loose texture was originally made from silk and crepe yarn. Today, artificial components are used in production that can provide greater tensile strength and aesthetic appeal. The popularity of this type of material is due to the wide selection of varieties. The most famous and popular of them are: crepe chiffon, jacquard chiffon, double-sided chiffon and satin variety. Chiffon with lures, shanzhan, pearl chiffon, etc. are also used in the manufacture of designer clothing. Clothing items made from of this material, are distinguished by grace, lightness and wearing comfort.

High quality, fashionable and beautiful fabric– the key to the success of any sewing product. Fabric is created by weaving the warp and weft threads, located mutually perpendicular to each other, using a loom. Various types fabrics are created thanks to the characteristics of the raw materials and weaving, which determine its structure, appearance and properties. What types of fabrics are there and what are their characteristics, properties, weaves? This is what this article will discuss. We will present the types of fabrics in detailed descriptions and with a photo so that you can navigate this topic.

Based on the type of raw material, all types of fabrics can be divided into three large groups: natural, artificial and synthetic. There is also spinous tissue of mineral origin, but it is used only in construction.

The first group includes fabrics made from fibers of plant and animal origin: cotton, flax, jute, hemp, wool and silk.

Artificial fabrics are obtained from natural substances of organic origin - cellulose, proteins, and inorganic - glass, metal. These are viscose, acetate, fabrics with metal threads and lurex.

Synthetic fabrics are made from polymer threads. These include: polyamide fabrics - dederon, hemlon, silone; polyesters – tesil, slotra, diolene; polypropylene and polyvinyl fabrics - dralon and cashmilon.

The textural features of various types of fabrics - shine, pile, “sandy surface” - largely depend on the type of weave.

Simple (smooth or warp) weaves of warp and weft threads are plain (taffeta), twill (kipper) and satin (satin). Special weaves have crepe and fine-grain fabrics (canvas). Checked and striped fabrics have a composite (combined) weave. Fabrics with complex patterns have jacquard weave threads. To create pile fabrics, weft weave (semi-velvet, corduroy) or base pile weave (velvet, plush) is used. In the production of fine-woven fabrics such as drapes and some types of silk, a two-layer weave is used, in which two separate fabrics are formed, connected to each other with special weft or warp threads.

According to the color scheme, types of fabrics can be divided into single-color and multi-color - melange, printed, multi-colored, mulled.

Over the centuries-old history of weaving, a huge number of different types of fabrics have been created, striking in the variety of textures, patterns and surface effects.

Most known species fabrics and their names:

Openwork- fabric made of cotton, wool or silk yarn with a through pattern. It was very popular in the first half of the 19th century.

Alpaca- a light, soft, thin fabric made in plain or twill weave from the hair of the domestic animal of the same name, which is bred in Peru and Bolivia. A very valuable type of wool.

Angora(Angora wool) - made from the wool of Angora rabbits and goats bred on farms in England, France, Italy, and Japan. Used in knitting production.

Atlas– plain-dyed fabric made of silk threads with a shiny satin weave surface. Translated from Arabic, “atlas” means “smooth.” In Rus', atlas has been known since the 15th century: it was widely used to make clothing for the nobility - caftans, feryazis, zipuns, sundresses and shirts. IN modern fashion Women's dresses for special occasions, elegant blouses and suits are made from it. Satin is also used as lining fabric.

Types of fabrics - photo: fabric: satin, alpaca, velvet, cambric, supplex, boucle, corduroy, velor and viscose.

Acetate silk- silk made from man-made fibers first obtained in 1925 by Celanese Corp. chemists. of America (USA).

Velvet- cotton, soft fabric with a pile surface. Velvet can be plain-dyed or patterned. It is used for making evening dresses and suits, trousers and jackets. Stretch velvet has excellent stretch and fits well thanks to the elastic fibers in the fabric. Used to make leggings and sweaters.

Batiste- light and dense, soft to the touch, cotton or linen fabric plain weave. The fabric is named after the Flemish weaver Baptiste of Cambrai, who first made it in the 13th century. Blouses, dresses, women's and children's underwear, and handkerchiefs are made from cambric.

Brocat- silk fabric with a plain card pattern and with gold or silver threads (Lurex). Latest Developments This fabric is made of synthetic fibers. Brokat is used to make elegant blouses and dresses, as well as men's evening jackets.

Boston- plain dyed twill fabric made of high quality wool, which has increased wear resistance. Used to make costumes.

Boucle- a thick plain weave fabric made from fancy yarn with large knots in the form of irregular loop-shaped thickenings, due to which “bumps” are formed on its surface. Used to make women's suits and coats.

Calico- dense cotton or linen fabric of plain weave, made from carded yarn. Used to make bed linen.

Corduroy cord- cotton fabric with cut pile, having pile stripes 3–5 mm wide. It comes plain painted and with a printed pattern.

Types of fabrics - photo: gabardine fabrics, guipure (lace), tapestry, devore, jersey, drape, jacquard, georgette, suede.

Corduroy ribbed- cotton fabric with cut pile, having pile strips 1 mm wide. It comes plain painted and with a printed pattern.

Velours(from the French Velours - velvet) - the general name for materials that have a pile, velvety front surface. These are not only fabrics (cotton, wool, artificial silk), but also leather and felt. In some countries, velvet is called corduroy and velvet.

Viscose- the name of artificial fiber made from cellulose and fabrics based on it. Viscose was first produced in Great Britain at the end of the 19th century. IN pure form it has a number of disadvantages (shrinkage when wet, low strength), however, in combination with other fibers, high-quality fabrics are obtained.

Veil- thin, transparent fabric made of cotton threads of plain weave. Weight of 1 square meter from 60 to 105 g.

Gabardine- (from Spanish - “gabardina” - protection from the elements) - pure wool or semi wool fabric twill weave, on the surface of which there are pronounced diagonal scars. The fabric is highly wear-resistant and waterproof due to the density and uniformity of the surface. Used for making women's and men's suits, coats and raincoats.

Gas- transparent, almost weightless silk or cotton fabric of a special weave, in which the weft and warp threads retain space. Depending on the manufacturing features, the gas was produced as satin, linen or twill.

Worsted- one of the types of woolen fabric, named after the city of Arras in Flanders, where it was made.

Guipure- lace fabric made of thin cotton or silk threads, consisting of fragments sewn with a needle or made using bobbins and connected to each other. Today, guipure is produced by machine.

Denim(denim) - (from the French De Nim - from Nîmes) - cotton fabric of plain or twill weave, characterized by high strength and density. Named after the city of Nîmes, where it was first made. In the beginning it was used to make work clothes for gold miners, in our time - for everyday denim clothing.

Devore- fabric, the design on which is obtained by burning (chemical etching) of part of the fibers.

Types of fabrics - photo: cashmere, crash, lycra, lacquer, linen, organza, brocade (brocat), pique, plush fabrics.

Jersey - knitted fabric(single or double) machine knitted with a small loop pitch, having high stretchability and smooth surface. Jersey is made from combed wool, sometimes from cotton, silk or artificial fibers. Wool jersey came into fashion.

Drape(from the French Drap - cloth) - soft woolen fabric with a smooth surface, on which, as a result of rolling, a felt-like covering is formed, covering the weave. Draperies can be single- or double-faced, plain and multi-colored, piled and smooth. Used for sewing men's and women's coats.

Cashmere- woolen or wool blend fabric with a diagonal rib on the surface, made from the hair of the Himalayan goat. The name of the fabric comes from the Indian state of Kashmir, from which the fabric was imported to Europe since the 18th century. However, this is also the name of the goat, from whose wool this fabric is produced.

Crepe de Chine(French Crepe de Chine) - fabric made from silk threads produced from raw silk in the warp and crepe silk in the weft or fabric from artificial threads produced from a loosely twisted warp and weft with a high crepe twist (surface density - 130 g/ m2). Crepe de Chine has a matte surface.

Crepe georgette- a thin, translucent fabric made from crepe-twisted silk threads in the warp and weft of a plain weave. It is characterized by rigidity, elasticity, and flowing edges. It is used for making dresses, blouses, and also for decoration.

Crepe satin- double-sided fabric made of artificial silk threads: one side is satin, the other is matte with a crepe effect. Both sides can be used as front sides.

Crepe chiffon- fabric made from natural twisted threads of silk-crepe in the warp and weft of plain weave (surface density 25 g/m2). The fabric has a matte surface, like all crepe fabrics.

Linen- fabric made from threads produced from flax stems. Linen is a natural material with excellent hygienic properties: it allows air to pass through and pleasantly cools the skin on a hot summer day.

Organdy(from the French Organdi - rigid fabric) - thin, transparent, stiff cotton fabric, native to Eastern India.

Organza- hard to the touch, transparent fabric made from natural silk or chemical fibers.

Brocade- complex fabric with patterns of gold and silver threads. It was imported to Russia from Turkey and Iran, later from France and Italy, and from the 18th century its production was established in Russia.

Pique- cotton or silk fabric of complex weave of fibers, having a characteristic texture of the front side in the form of longitudinal stripes. Used to make women's dresses, blouses, suits.

Polyamide(nylon) - synthetic fiber and fabric made from it, which has high wear resistance and exceptional tensile strength.

Types of fabrics - photo from left to right: poplin, reps, cloth, taffeta, tweed, fukra, cotton, silk, silk satin.

Polyester- a new synthetic material with good breathability and softness.

Semi-velvet- dense cotton fabric with a pile surface obtained through weft-pile weave.

Poplin- dense plain weave fabric made from cotton, silk or wool threads. It has a small transverse rib due to the fact that the density of the warp threads is greater than that of the weft threads. Silk poplin is used to make elegant dresses.

Reps- dense fabric made of cotton, silk and wool threads, made from combed warp and weft yarn, plain weave. The fabric has a “ribbed” texture due to the fact that the density of the warp threads is higher than the density of the weft threads: the surface of the fabric is formed from the warp threads, and the weft threads, once in the middle, form transverse ribs.

Twill- fabric made of silk or wool threads with twill weave. Silk twill is an excellent material for lining, and wool for outerwear.

Satin- fabric with a shiny surface made of silk, cotton and wool threads in satin weave. Silk satin is a stunningly beautiful material for making wedding and elegant dresses. Cotton sateen is used to make homemade and work clothes. Wool satin is used for outerwear.

Cloth- dense woolen fabric with a moderately shiny surface, obtained by interweaving medium-thick carded yarn in the warp and thick hardware yarn in the weft. During the finishing process, the fabric is piled, then the pile is sheared and pressed. The cloth is used to make coats and suits.

Taffeta- dense silk fabric, plain-dyed or variegated, with a ribbed texture. Used for ball gowns.

Types of fabrics - photo: wool, chiffon, staple fabric. Fabric weaves from left to right: plain, twill and satin weaves.

Tweed(English, tweed) - coarse woolen fabric with twill weave. Named after a river in Scotland, along the banks of which there were textile factories producing these fabrics.

Tactel- fabric made of fine fiber containing 100% cellulose has high wear resistance, wind resistance and good hygienic properties: it easily absorbs moisture and “breathes”.

Flannel- cotton or wool fabric of rep (weft) or twill weave, with double-sided sparse brushing. Cotton flannel is used to make linen. Men's and women's clothing is made from soft and warm wool flannel. women's clothing: suits, skirts, trousers.

Cotton- natural fiber, made from the cotton plant.

Shanzhan– natural or artificial silk with an iridescent effect obtained thanks to multi-colored threads warp and weft.

Cheviot- a single-color sparse wool fabric of twill weave, which is felted and sheared. Used for making outerwear.

Silk- a lightweight fabric made from threads obtained from silkworm cocoons.

Wool- fabric made from natural fibers made from the wool of sheep, camels, and goats.

Chiffon- a very thin, delicate translucent fabric made from threads of silk, cotton, viscose or synthetic crepe twist. Silk chiffon is considered the best - smooth, shiny, flowing.

Plaid- a term for fabric with a large check pattern.

Staple- soft fabric made of silky fiber based on cellulose with the addition of cotton, has good hygienic properties and is used in the summer range of clothing.

Various types of fabrics allow every woman to find her own unique image and style!

Irina Shestakova for website

A huge range of fabrics are classified according to several criteria:

by composition;
by weaving method;
by appointment;
by season;
by finishing.

All woven materials are divided into artificial, mixed and natural based on their fiber composition. The first are made exclusively from synthetic materials, the second combine natural and artificial raw materials, and the third are completely woven from natural fibers.

Most often, natural and mixed fabrics are used for sewing clothes and household items. The group of materials made from natural fibers includes the following types:

silk;
cotton;
woolen;
cotton

The name of the materials may be the same, but the composition of the fabric may be completely different.. This is because the material is often named by its weave, and the same weave is used for all types of raw materials.

Let's look at what types of fabrics are made from natural fibers.

Silk group

The names of the fabrics and their detailed characteristics can be seen in our column “From A to Z”. It is worth distinguishing between natural and artificial silk, since this group includes materials not only from pure silk, but also from mixed and completely synthetic raw materials. Moreover, the share of silk from chemical fibers is more than 90%. This is due not only to progress in the textile industry, but also to the high price of natural silk.

Characteristics of silk fabrics are usually limited to a description of appearance. The material made from silk threads is really very attractive: it shines and shimmers in the sun, light, soft and pleasant to the touch. In addition, silk has high utilitarian properties: hygroscopicity, low shrinkage, and drapes well. This is a light, elastic and durable material.

The production of silk fabric is a very labor-intensive and costly process, so the natural material has a high cost and is highly valued on the market. The raw material for producing silk threads are silkworm cocoons. First, caterpillars are raised, which after a few weeks spin cocoons. Then they are dipped in boiling water and carefully unwound. The result is a matte yellowish thread.

The following types of weaves are used to make silk:

Satin. The material obtained by this weave, also called satin, has a matte back and a smooth front surface with shine. The disadvantage is increased friability and slipping when cutting. Various combinations of satin weave are used to produce satins and satins.
Linen. This method allows you to adjust the density of the fabric by increasing the number of threads per inch. The more there are, the more dense the resulting matter is. Name of plain weave fabrics: crepe de Chine, georgette, chiffon, toile.
Twill. The threads intersect with an asymmetric shift, so a diagonal small scar is clearly visible across the entire front surface. Used for the manufacture of lining materials, underwear and bed linen.
Finely patterned. Derived from the main types of weave. It produces ribbed, diagonal or herringbone material.
Large patterned. A more well-known name for large-patterned weave fabrics is jacquard. It is woven on special machines with computer programs. The result is material with relief patterns of various types.
Combined. The combination of different types of weave allows you to improve certain qualities of the fabric.

In terms of finishing and color design, silk fabrics can be boiled, gray, plain-dyed, multi-colored, bleached, printed, embossed and mulined.

According to their purpose, silk is divided into subgroups: dress, lining, furniture and decorative, technical, shirt, costume and blouse.

Cotton group

The history of cotton fabric goes back thousands of years. During this time, the range of fabrics expanded to 1000 items. The material has received enormous popularity for the following properties:

hygroscopicity;
low cost;
wear resistance;
softness;
environmental friendliness.

The disadvantages of cotton are high degree creasing and shrinkage. To remove these disadvantages, the raw materials for the material are finished or combined with other fibers, including synthetic ones.

Fabric production begins with the collection of cotton bolls. Cotton fibers are then extracted from them, which will become the basis for threads. The longer the fibers, the better the quality of the material. Cotton raw materials are cleaned and sorted. They are then made into threads. The density of the fabric depends on the thickness and method of twisting the threads.

Cotton threads are sized to prevent tearing and increase strength. The spinning mill produces the fabric itself. Most types that make up the range of cotton fabrics are woven using plain weave and its derivatives. Jacquard, finely patterned and other types of weaves are also used. Initially the canvas has White color due to bleaching. After cleaning the glue, the material is painted or a pattern is applied, if you want to get a fabric with a print. The cotton can then be further processed.

By purpose it is divided into household and technical. There are 17 groups of cotton materials: linen, clothing, towel, shawl, lining, teak, dress, furniture and decorative, pile, blanket, gray fabrics, calico, calico, satin, gauze, packaging and technical fabrics.

Chintz is made using plain weave. This is a plain-dyed material or fabric with a pattern obtained by printing.

Calico is a denser and coarser fabric due to the use of thicker threads. Produced in plain weave. This type is heavily sized to improve resistance to wrinkles and shrinkage.

Satins are woven with satin or satin weave. The front surface is smooth. These types of fabric are often mercerized. This is a chemical treatment of threads that makes them silkier, softer and shiny.

The most understandable is the classification of cotton fabrics according to seasonality. This is especially true for the dress group. It includes the following types:

Demi-season. Fabric production is carried out using plain, twill and finely patterned weaves. Demi-season materials are characterized by greater fabric weight, reinforced structure, thickness and strength. The name of the fabrics of this subgroup often coincides with the names of woolen fabrics. Demi-season items include tartan, crepe, taffeta, poplin, garus, wool, pique and others.
Summer. Most often it is a lightweight fabric of light colors. Weaves used: plain, jacquard, combined. The range of summer fabrics includes: voile, voile, percale and many others.
Winter. This is usually a fabric with a pile or rib. The brushed surface and increased density of the fabric are obtained through the use of backcombed weft threads. This subgroup includes the following names: flannel, flannel, fleece.

Both thick and thin fabric can be made from cotton thread. A variety of weaves and the use of threads of different thicknesses allow you to obtain the most delicate veil and warm flannel. The names of the fabrics often coincide with the names of materials made from silk, wool or linen.

Wool group

The range of this group includes fabrics made from animal wool. Materials containing 100% natural raw materials are considered pure wool, but additions of other fibers and threads are allowed no more than 5%. Fabric production is carried out from sheep, goat and camel wool.

The main property is the ability to retain heat. The disadvantages are increased dust holding capacity, accumulation of static electricity, difficulties in cutting and sewing products, and high maintenance requirements.

The main classification of wool fabrics is carried out according to the type of yarn used and the manufacturing method. Wool materials are divided into the following main types:

Worsted. Made from combed yarn. The weave pattern is open. This is a fairly thin fabric made using plain, twill, crepe, and jacquard weaves. The worsted group is divided into three subgroups: dress (crepes), suit (cheviots, tights, bostons, crepes) and coats (gabardines, cover coats).
Fine cloth. Fabric production is carried out from the hardware room fine yarn. This is a fabric with a pile that covers the weave pattern. Plain, twill, finely patterned and multi-layer weaves are used. This subgroup includes dress, suit and coat fabrics (drapes, cloth). Popularly, thin-woven materials are called ribbed fabric. The density of the fabric makes draping and cutting difficult.
Rough cloth. Made from thick hardware yarn. Most often it is loose, dense and rough fabric. Used for sewing workwear.

Linen subgroup

Linen fabrics have high strength, hygroscopicity, thermal conductivity and wear resistance. Disadvantages: wrinkleability and difficulty in finishing. Flax is used to make bed and table linen and summer clothing.

According to its purpose, flax is divided into household and technical fabrics. Technical include materials for the manufacture of bags, packaging, canvases and covers. Household materials are divided into the following types:

Dress and suit. They are made mainly from semi-linen. They are produced in plain, finely patterned or combined weaves.
Linen. Used for the manufacture of underwear, bed and table linen. The main types of weaves are jacquard, plain and combined.
Furniture and decorative. Curtain and furniture fabrics of complex weaves. In most cases, it is dense material with a textured surface (geometric, fantasy patterns or ribbed).
Towels. These include jacquard, waffle, terry and satin towels.
Special. Dense plain weave fabric, additionally reinforced at the base.

The name of linen fabrics often echoes cotton and silk materials. The assortment includes cambric, teak, calico, tapestry, fine linen and others.

From mixed and synthetic raw materials

Woven fabrics are often made by combining different types of fibers. Light industry produces fabrics from a mixture of natural and artificial threads.

The production of silk fabrics in most cases involves the addition of chemical fibers to natural raw materials. For the manufacture of various options In addition to silk, cotton, wool, viscose, nylon, lavsan, acetate and triacetate fibers, polypropylene and many others are used.

When choosing a material, it is worth considering that the use of artificial fibers gives a tougher,. From natural fabric it is distinguished by its high wear resistance, light drape and strength. Disadvantages - strong creasing and susceptibility to shrinkage.

Synthetic silk is a lightweight fabric that does not wrinkle, does not shrink, and does not require special care and holds its shape well. But it does not absorb and evaporate moisture well, and is difficult to cut and sew.

Cotton is combined with artificial fibers to obtain a material with higher consumer properties. Dacron, nylon, viscose, siblon and others are added to natural raw materials. Suiting and coat fabrics are often made from combined fibers. They are woven in plain, twill and diagonal weaves. The surface is dense, textured, ribbed or pitted. Their range is very wide: jeans, reps, diagonal, moleskin, cloth, suede, etc.

Wool blend fabrics are produced with the addition of cotton, flax, viscose, nylon, lavsan, nitron, and polypropylene fibers. This allows us to obtain a material with increased wear resistance and heat protection. Chemical fibers are responsible for the refined appearance and antistatic effect.

Linen is combined with chemical fibers to eliminate stiffness, reduce wrinkles and shrinkage, and improve drape ability. Viscose, lavsan, nylon are used. Pure flax- a rather rough fabric, so to soften it, cotton is often added to the yarn composition.