What is prescribed after an early miscarriage. Miscarriage in early pregnancy, symptoms, causes, treatment

Miscarriage refers to the spontaneous termination of pregnancy. Up to 1/5 of all cases of conception end in miscarriage, and the likelihood of this pathological phenomenon is higher before 12 weeks of pregnancy. Symptoms of a miscarriage rarely go unnoticed, and sometimes this allows a woman to see a doctor in time, get treatment and keep the baby.

Spontaneous (spontaneous abortion), as doctors often call miscarriage, is classified into three types, depending on the timing of its onset:

Interrupt biochemical pregnancy. In this case, the uterine cavity is cleared of the embryo during the first to third weeks of pregnancy, determined only by taking an analysis for the presence of hCG (human chorionic gonadotropin) in the blood and urine. A woman most often perceives the released blood as menstruation and does not even suspect that she could become pregnant.
Early miscarriage (spontaneous abortion). Pregnancy is terminated before 22 weeks, and the weight of the fetus does not exceed 400 grams.
Late miscarriage, or premature birth. In this case, the symptoms of the pathology are observed after the 22nd week of pregnancy, and the baby can often be saved.

What are the features of early incomplete miscarriage?

A woman’s spontaneous miscarriage can be complete or incomplete. In the first case, all parts of the fetus and its membranes, as well as amniotic fluid, are excluded from the uterus. An incomplete miscarriage occurs when some parts of the fetus remain in the uterine cavity. Typically, incomplete miscarriage occurs in early pregnancy. Most often, the patient’s embryo is expelled, but the amniotic membranes are not separated.

So as not to develop severe consequences, the woman requires cleansing and other treatment methods (for example, the administration of drugs that contract the walls of the uterus and push out blood and remnants of the membranes). Precisely because there is a possibility of incomplete miscarriage, an ultrasound of the genital organs should be performed after it. If the result of your first pregnancy was an early miscarriage, further attempts at conception should be made only after a thorough examination!

Probability of miscarriage by week of pregnancy

During gestation, there is a period that is most threatening for spontaneous termination of pregnancy. The risk of miscarriage is especially high during early- in the first month. If we consider the risk of pathology by week, it is as follows:

In the first trimester - 14-21 days, or the third week of pregnancy, as well as the period from 8 to 12 weeks.
In the second trimester, the threatening period occurs at 18-22 weeks of pregnancy, that is, the danger is great 4-5 months after conception.
In the third trimester the period of possible premature birth usually occurs at 28-32 weeks of pregnancy, that is, spontaneous expulsion of the fetus occurs at 7-8 months of pregnancy.

The expectant mother should be especially careful during these periods and be sure to follow all doctor’s recommendations!

Why does a woman’s body reject the fetus?

The causes of miscarriage at a very early stage are most often associated with the presence of defects in the embryo that are incompatible with life. In this regard, treatment and attempts to maintain pregnancy until 12 weeks are not advisable. If a woman is unable to get pregnant for a long time, or she insists on preserving the fetus, doctors are often able to prevent a miscarriage. But a pregnant woman should be warned about the risk of genetic defects in the fetus and, if possible, undergo the necessary examination.

Early miscarriage may have the following reasons:

“breakdown” of genes during the fusion of egg and sperm (these reasons cause miscarriage of biochemical pregnancy at the earliest stage - in the first month);
disruptions in hormonal balance, diseases of the endocrine glands;
tumors of the reproductive system;
isthmic-cervical insufficiency;
severe pathologies of the heart, kidneys, blood vessels;
drug addiction, maternal alcoholism, toxic poisoning in the first month of pregnancy;
severe stress, nervous shock;
heavy physical exercise, injuries;
history of abortion;
taking certain medications, x-ray examination.

Sometimes the causes of miscarriage are surgeries on the abdominal cavity and uterus, infectious diseases (rubella, toxoplasmosis, herpes, flu, tonsillitis, any STIs). There are also immunological reasons for the threat of termination of pregnancy - for example, Rh conflict in parents.

Causes of miscarriage later more often caused by inflammatory processes in the placenta or uterine cavity. Sometimes these reasons are associated with the pathological development of the placenta and disruptions in its functioning - with detachment, aging. The likelihood of miscarriage is high if the placenta at any stage stops producing the things the baby needs. nutrients. There are many factors that can provoke symptoms of spontaneous abortion at any stage, but some of them expectant mother can successfully prevent.

Stages of miscarriage

Signs of a miscarriage can occur in a woman at the very beginning of the pathological process. In total, there are several stages during spontaneous abortion:

Threat stage. If treatment is started at this time, the pregnancy can be maintained. Sometimes a woman has a risk of miscarriage throughout her pregnancy.
The second stage, or the beginning of abortion. Even if the expectant mother went to the hospital not at the threat stage, intensive treatment measures often help save the baby.
The third stage, or miscarriage, is in progress. In this case, the woman is already undergoing a spontaneous abortion, and this condition is irreversible. The fertilized egg dies and leaves the uterus completely or partially.
The fourth stage, or completed abortion. The uterine cavity is cleared of fetal debris, and the organ restores its size. At this stage, it is imperative to do an ultrasound of the genital organs.

Threatened miscarriage: how to recognize the symptoms in time

Symptoms of threatened miscarriage in the early stages usually boil down to the following manifestations:

pain in the abdomen (in its lower part);
vaginal bleeding (usually the blood comes in the form of spotting scarlet or brown discharge within 1-3 days);
sometimes the pain becomes very severe and is accompanied by cramps.

If a woman did not know that she managed to get pregnant, she may mistake the symptoms of a threat for another menstruation. Therefore, experts clarify that there is indirect signs miscarriage, distinguishing it from menstruation. Among them:

diarrhea and nausea;
pain in the form of spasms;
weight loss;
blood from the vagina, alternating with mucus discharge;
aching pain in the lower back.

Symptoms of a threatened miscarriage can also appear late in pregnancy, more often at 4-5 months. In this case, subjective signs of pathology may include frequent nausea, nagging pain in the abdomen, reddish-brown discharge or bright blood spots, increased urge to urinate, dizziness. The duration of the first stage of miscarriage is not necessarily short: sometimes this condition lasts several days and requires emergency hospitalization.

Clinical picture of an incipient miscarriage

At the second stage, when the miscarriage is already underway, the symptoms of the pathology become more noticeable. They boil down to cramping pain in the abdomen and sacrum, general weakness, and severe dizziness. Blood flows out of the vagina in the form of clots, and these secretions intensify with movement. Immediate consultation with a doctor at this stage in some cases leads to saving the baby, for which conservative or surgical treatment is performed.

Symptoms of miscarriage in use are sharp pain throughout the abdomen and lower back, significant blood loss and release ovum from the uterus. If the fetus died a few days before delivery, the woman may see a small bubble gray, whole or divided into parts. In case of incomplete miscarriage, cleaning of the uterus (curettage) is urgently carried out, without which the consequences can be tragic.

What happens after a miscarriage and how long will the bleeding last?

Signs of a miscarriage are primarily uterine bleeding and pain, which occur with varying severity and duration for each woman. Blood flows because when the fetus detaches and passes through the birth canal, small vessels are injured, that is, wound surfaces are formed. You should definitely monitor how long the blood is released. Normally, this period is 4-10 days. If after 14 days bloody issues are still being observed, you should definitely consult a doctor and do an ultrasound. Such symptoms may indicate infection of the uterus or the presence of remaining parts of the fetus in it. In some cases, a woman has to undergo surgery or undergo drug treatment.

Possible complications of miscarriage

The consequences of a miscarriage can be quite serious. Fortunately, any complications are rare, and in most cases the body independently frees itself from parts of the embryo and membranes.

Sometimes a life-threatening miscarriage occurs in the later stages or when trying to induce it at home using improvised (folk) remedies. Complications include:

Septic abortion. An infectious lesion of the uterus can lead not only to severe inflammation in the pelvis, but also to sepsis.
Repeated miscarriages. Some women have it wrong organized treatment during the first failed pregnancy leads to further miscarriages or inability to become pregnant.

Diagnosis of threatened miscarriage

The main method for identifying signs of miscarriage is ultrasound of the uterus. During the study, at the threat stage, segmental contractions of the organ walls are detected, which often goes away after hormonal treatment. If a miscarriage is visualized in progress, then an ultrasound will indicate detachment of the fertilized egg and a strong contraction of all the walls of the uterus. To find the cause of repeated abortions, genetic tests are often performed to look for “broken” chromosomes. Of great importance in the diagnosis of spontaneous abortion is the collection of anamnesis and the presence of clinical signs.

Drug treatment for threatened miscarriage

If a decision is made to continue the pregnancy, the doctor must do everything possible to make this happen. A woman is prescribed pills for miscarriage and injections, including:

sedatives, restoratives;
hormonal medications (usually containing progesterone, for example, Duphaston);
antispasmodics to eliminate increased tone of the uterine walls;
vitamins, especially often folic acid.

Such drugs will help a woman in the early stages of pregnancy. If the threat of miscarriage continues at a later stage, a ring is placed on the cervix or it is sutured.

Treatment after miscarriage: pills

If it is not possible to stop a spontaneous abortion, the doctor chooses one of the following tactics:

Expectant. If a woman has a complete miscarriage, she does not require any treatment, and within 2-6 weeks she will reproductive system will recover from the pathological process.
Drug treatment of miscarriage. It consists of taking special tablets that will complete the removal of parts of the fetus from the uterine cavity.
Surgery. It will be required if there are complications or structural features of the woman’s genital organs (for example, if the uterus is bent).

Miscarriage pills are also used to perform medical abortion(misoprostolol). After taking them, strong contractions of the uterus occur within 24-72 hours, resulting in a miscarriage. After such treatment, an ultrasound of the uterus should be done to record its complete cleansing of the remnants of the membranes.

Curettage (cleaning the uterus) after a miscarriage

Cleaning the uterus should be done if the fetal rejection was partial. Cleaning, or curettage, is sometimes ignored by the doctor or the patient herself, which can lead to severe inflammatory processes and even the inability to become pregnant in the future.

Before cleaning, the woman is given an enema and pubic hair is removed. The anesthesiologist will select the type of anesthesia depending on the indications and contraindications. Using speculums and dilators, the doctor opens the cervix, and then uses a special curette to remove the fertilized egg and its membranes. Then the uterine cavity is curetted to prevent inflammation. After a miscarriage, a histological examination of the collected material is required. After a woman has undergone cleansing, she must follow all doctor’s instructions. rehabilitation period. Sexual activity after curettage is excluded for 2 months.

How to restore moral health after a miscarriage

If the physical body works normally within 1-2 months after a spontaneous abortion, then the woman’s psychological well-being can take much longer to recover. Often a failed mother tries to get pregnant right away, but this is strictly prohibited. Life after the loss of a child is difficult, but you shouldn’t become isolated and drive yourself to despair. If a woman develops depression, it will not be easy to get out of it. Some ladies experience anger and rage, others experience melancholy, and others look for a way out in alcohol. To relieve post-abortion stress disorder, it is better to visit a qualified psychologist and maintain contact with loved ones. A woman should remember that previously restoring moral health is another step towards the next attempt to get pregnant and finally become a mother!

Sex life after miscarriage

Usually the menstrual cycle resumes a few weeks after a miscarriage. Therefore, you should use the usual methods of contraception, since getting pregnant during this period is extremely undesirable. But sex life should not be started earlier than 1.5 months after spontaneous abortion (after curettage, this period is extended to 2 months). Otherwise, inflammation and damage to tissues that have not yet recovered may begin.

Pregnancy after miscarriage: when to plan

You should try to conceive again no earlier than 6-12 months after the miscarriage. Some women strive to get pregnant after normalization menstrual cycle, but this is only possible with complete physical and moral rehabilitation. In other cases, planning a pregnancy after a miscarriage causes great fear in the woman, and the couple stops trying. Therefore, you should act as your own heart tells you, but do not rush. It is better to carefully prepare for future motherhood and prevent the tragic story from repeating itself.

How to prepare for a new pregnancy

If you are unable to get pregnant after a miscarriage, or abortions are repeated again and again, you should undergo an examination to identify the cause of such events. The diagnostic program, in addition to histological examination of the membranes and embryo, should include:

tests for all STIs;
Ultrasound of the pelvic organs;
tests for hormones, including those produced by the thyroid gland;
blood glucose level;
general clinical studies;
genetic tests (as prescribed by a doctor);
tests for the biocompatibility of the blood of spouses.

Preparing for pregnancy after a miscarriage should include proper nutrition, taking vitamins (especially vitamin E, folic acid), refusal of both spouses bad habits and excessive coffee consumption. Since an overdose of vitamins A and D can cause a miscarriage, you should inform your doctor about taking medications containing them. Sometimes a woman is recommended to be vaccinated against certain infectious diseases, for example, rubella and chickenpox.

Prevention of miscarriage

It is not always possible to insure against spontaneous termination of pregnancy, since it is impossible to take into account various gene mutations and the influence of chronic diseases. But there are several tips that, if followed, will help prevent miscarriage real fruits. Among them:

healthy lifestyle;
proper nutrition;
combating physical inactivity and stress;
weight normalization;
taking vitamins.

All recommendations are suitable for implementation even before pregnancy. After conception, you should avoid putting stress on your stomach, not take alcohol even in small doses, visit your doctor regularly and take all the medications he prescribes. Even after the first failure you cannot despair, because when the right approach Most women experience the joy of motherhood!

Miscarriage is known to be the reason why 20% of all pregnancies end. Typically, such spontaneous abortion occurs in the first trimester of pregnancy, so it is during this period that special care must be taken. Often, a miscarriage occurs when a woman does not even suspect that she is pregnant, and perceives the discharge after a miscarriage as another menstruation.

The causes of miscarriage vary - stress, heavy lifting, unhealthy lifestyle or a strong fall. Many young girls who find themselves in a situation want to provoke a spontaneous abortion, without thinking about the consequences of a miscarriage. Fear of parental wrath or lack of Money encourage young and inexperienced women to act rashly, the consequence of which may be infertility. The consequences after a miscarriage can be different, depending on the period of time the woman consults a doctor. Timely detection of a miscarriage sometimes helps doctors save the life of the child, while delaying seeking medical help can lead to the death of the mother.

In view of all the above data, every woman needs to know what the causes, symptoms and consequences of miscarriage are in order to protect herself from such an unfavorable process.

Symptoms, causes and consequences of miscarriage

The most common symptom of an impending miscarriage is bleeding, which should alert a pregnant woman. They also talk about possible miscarriage and back pain, dizziness, pain in the uterus and ovaries. The consequences of a miscarriage, in addition to physical illness, infertility and illness, can also be psychological. Some women recover within a few months; for some, depression may last more than a year. The best way to get rid of this consequence of a miscarriage - a new pregnancy.

The causes of miscarriage cannot always be identified; the most common among those that were identified during studies of this process in the female body are hormonal disorders, genetic predisposition, genital infections, uterine disorders, chromosomal abnormalities in the fetus that are incompatible with life, various infections, tissue rupture and autoimmune factors.

The most common cause and consequences of miscarriage is a lack of progesterone in a woman’s body, the most important hormone for maintaining pregnancy. It is this hormone that is responsible for the success of implantation of the fertilized egg, and, accordingly, its lack in the mother’s body leads to rejection of the fertilized egg. An equally common cause of miscarriage is an excess of male sex hormones - androgens, which suppress the production of progesterone and tarragon. For successful pregnancy The genetic compatibility of future parents is no less important. If the mother's blood Rh factor is negative and the father's is positive, the woman's body will perceive the fetus as foreign body and will begin to reject him.

Serious consequences after a miscarriage are observed when a woman turns to remedies traditional medicine to provoke spontaneous abortion. The longer the pregnancy, the higher the risk of death for the mother, since, having decided to provoke a miscarriage with the help of traditional medicine, she does not take into account that the tissues of the formed fetus will begin to come out along with the discharge after the miscarriage, and some of the dead tissues and membranes will remain in a woman's uterus. Therefore, the longer the pregnancy, the more tissue will be in the uterine cavity, and the correspondingly higher the risk of death, since these tissues begin to rot inside the woman, poisoning the body.

The consequences of a miscarriage in early pregnancy are not serious and do not threaten the life and health of the woman. Gynecologists advise, for preventive purposes, to perform curettage of the uterus after a miscarriage, and then, after 2 weeks, to perform a control ultrasound.

It is widely believed that the consequence after a miscarriage is repeated interruption pregnancy. Alas, according to statistics, it is true, but it occurs only in cases where the cause of the miscarriage has not been established, or, having established it, the woman has not undergone adequate treatment.

Thus, the consequences of a miscarriage in the early stages of pregnancy, if a woman consulted a doctor on time and did not use traditional medicine, do not have a negative impact on her life. In cases where medical assistance is not provided on time, uterine bleeding may occur, accompanied by large loss of blood, which cannot be stopped independently at home.

Consequences of miscarriage: prevention

Prevention of this condition is a necessary measure for every woman in whose life a miscarriage has occurred. At first glance, a number of necessary measures to neutralize the possibility of a miscarriage seem to be a difficult task, but if you think about it, the consequences of a miscarriage can be so dire that any difficulties become not so impossible.

First of all, a woman who wants to get pregnant should prepare for this event in advance. Both she and the future father of the child must undergo thorough examinations to check their genetic compatibility, because a miscarriage can also occur due to incompatibility of Rh factors. If the results of the examinations are negative, then the woman should be prepared for the fact that the preservation of the desired pregnancy will begin at an early stage.

If there are any infectious diseases High-quality treatment of the body is necessary, and only after this can we talk about conceiving a child. During pregnancy, keeping in mind the consequences of a miscarriage, it is better for a woman to visit crowded places less often and avoid stressful situations and in general try to receive only positive emotions.

If the expectant mother has such bad habits like smoking and abuse alcoholic drinks, pregnancy planning can only take place a year after getting rid of them.

Women whose first pregnancy occurs at the age of 35-40 years should be especially attentive to their own health and be regularly examined antenatal clinic and a gynecologist.

Of course, no one can be notified in advance about force majeure situations, so the risk of injury and stress is always present in the life of every pregnant woman. The only thing a woman can do is to avoid physical activity, discuss with her doctor the possibility of using sedatives such as valerian or motherwort tincture in stressful situations, and, of course, avoid bumps and falls on the stomach.

A miscarriage is the spontaneous termination of pregnancy before 22 weeks. Medical statistics say that every fourth woman faces this problem in the early stages of pregnancy. Many of them were not even aware of their interesting position, not to mention realizing that there was a miscarriage. On the one hand, this protects the woman from unnecessary worries about a failed pregnancy, but on the other hand, it makes it impossible to understand the reasons and prevent this from happening in the future, when the pregnancy is planned and desired. Therefore, it is necessary to know the main signs by which you can determine at home that a miscarriage has occurred, and understand what to do in such a situation.

Symptoms of early miscarriage

Most women who experience a miscarriage early in their pregnancy at home confuse it with menstruation. Sometimes you may notice that after a delay, menstruation is accompanied by greater pain and heavy bleeding.

But, unaware of their situation, women do not associate this with a miscarriage. In order not to confuse a miscarriage with menstruation, and to prevent adverse consequences, you need to pay attention to certain signals from your body. Most frequent symptoms The symptoms that accompany a miscarriage are bleeding and pain.

Discomfort begins with painful sensations in the form of tingling in the lower abdomen. Gradually the pain intensifies and spreads to the lower back.

The pain is periodic and is called cramping. Often a woman may notice that the interval between painful attacks is approximately the same and begins to shorten over time.

An alarming signal may be an increase in uterine tone. It is not always associated with the onset of a miscarriage, but only in cases where it causes discomfort to the expectant mother and is accompanied by pain.

Very dangerous symptom, indicating a threat or a miscarriage that has already occurred, is bleeding from the vagina. Even a single drop of blood should alert a woman. If nothing is done in this case, the bleeding may intensify, which can lead not only to spontaneous abortion, but also pose a significant danger to the life of the woman herself.

Stages of miscarriage

A miscarriage does not happen overnight. Having identified the symptoms of an incipient miscarriage at home, there is a chance to save the pregnancy if you seek help in a timely manner.

There are several stages of miscarriage, each of which is characterized by a more pronounced manifestation of certain symptoms:

Diagnostics

What to do if a woman, while at home, suspects that she has started or has already had a miscarriage? The most important thing is not to panic, but to immediately seek medical help.

It is quite difficult to assess a woman’s health at home, so it will be better if she undergoes an examination in a medical facility.
The main diagnostic methods for the threat of miscarriage are ultrasonography and blood test for hCG.

Each woman reacts differently to the manifestation of certain symptoms, so based only on visible signs it is impossible to accurately understand whether she has started a miscarriage and, if so, at what stage it is.

Ultrasound allows you to assess the condition not only female body, but also the fruit. Based on its results, conclusions can be drawn about the possibility of maintaining the pregnancy.

Another method for diagnosing early pregnancy is measuring hCG level in blood. Human chorionic gonadotropin is a hormone that is produced in the body of a pregnant woman. In the absence of pregnancy, the level of this hormone ranges from 0 to 5 mIU/ml. During a normal pregnancy, it gradually increases depending on the duration of pregnancy.

Determine pregnancy by this analysis possible already in the first week of conception. This indicator is also informative for diagnosing miscarriage. In the case of an interrupted pregnancy, its level begins to fall rapidly.

Causes of miscarriage

It is very difficult to determine for sure what caused an early miscarriage. To do this, a woman will have to undergo a whole range of examinations and undergo many tests. This must be done, first of all, in order to eliminate negative factors in the future. Medicine has conditionally divided all the reasons that provoke involuntary termination of pregnancy into two groups.

Subjective causes of early miscarriage

Subjective reasons are conventionally considered to be those reasons that are directly related to the lifestyle and personality of a woman. The expectant mother herself can cope with them.

The first group includes the following factors:

Exposure to adverse conditions. It could be like harmful production where a woman works, and living in an area of high pollution. In addition, this also includes the unfavorable psycho-emotional state of the pregnant woman - stress, quarrels at home, etc.
Wrong lifestyle. This includes both poor nutrition and depletion of your body with various diets, as well as bad habits - smoking, alcohol and others.
Age. Doctors consider the optimal reproductive age for women to be 20-35 years. With age, the ability to become pregnant and bear a baby decreases.
Excessive physical activity. Pregnant women should avoid heavy physical work (this option is also provided labor legislation) and active sports.
Accident. Unfortunately, no one is immune from this. At the same time, all the body’s defenses are aimed at restoring the health of the woman herself, so very often after such incidents a woman loses her unborn baby.

Medical causes of early miscarriage

If the subjective reasons that provoke a miscarriage can be dealt with even without resorting to outside help, then to eliminate medical causes, the help of specialists is necessary.

If you approach the issue of pregnancy planning wisely and do everything that doctors recommend, you can, if not exclude, then significantly reduce the risk of miscarriage even in the presence of negative medical factors.

The second group of reasons includes the following factors:

Pregnancy is the greatest happiness for many women. Future mom must do everything to protect her unborn baby from negative factors that can provoke an early miscarriage. Proper nutrition, taking care of your health, regular visits to the doctor - these are the components that should accompany a woman on the path to motherhood. Listening to your body and responding to any unpleasant symptoms, it is possible to maintain a pregnancy even if there is a threat of spontaneous termination.

Pregnancy is one of the most desirable stages in a woman’s life. But sometimes it ends spontaneously, called a miscarriage. As a rule, miscarriage occurs in early pregnancy, and this can be due to various reasons.

According to medical statistics, one out of five pregnancies ends in miscarriage. Most often, miscarriage occurs in the early stages, when the woman does not yet know about her situation: a miscarriage occurs at 2 weeks pregnant There are practically no symptoms. But there are, of course, cases when a woman already knows about her situation, but loses her child. To prevent the tragedy from happening again, she needs to know how to protect herself from miscarriage and what factors cause it.

Causes of early miscarriage

First you need to define what is an early miscarriage? According to gynecological terminology, a miscarriage is a spontaneous termination of pregnancy for up to 20 weeks. It may occur for the following reasons:

Genetic disorders of the fetus. Genetics believe that about 75% of miscarriages occur precisely because of this factor. There is no need to be afraid of this, since most often such deviations are accidental. They can be provoked by various viral diseases, radiation exposure and other external negative influences. Pregnancy in this case is terminated due to the so-called natural selection, which helps to get rid of unhealthy or non-viable offspring. It is almost impossible to avoid such spontaneous abortion. Because of large quantity negative environmental influences cannot prevent the risk of developing genetic abnormalities.
Hormonal imbalance during pregnancy. Often miscarriage in early pregnancy occurs due to a lack of the hormone progesterone in the female body. Such a failure in hormonal background may occur for various reasons, but most often it is possible to prevent miscarriage at an early stage if the disorder is detected in a timely manner. For this, the woman is prescribed a course of hormonal medications. Women also have another hormonal problem - high levels of male hormones. They help reduce the synthesis of estrogen and progesterone, which help pregnancy proceed normally. Thyroid and adrenal hormones can also affect pregnancy, so these organs should be tested before planning.
Immunological factor. Many people know about such a phenomenon during pregnancy as. It occurs when the fetus inherits from the father negative factor blood, and the mother is positive. As a result, the female body perceives pregnancy as something foreign and rejects it. If there is a risk of early miscarriage, the woman in this case is prescribed treatment, which involves taking the hormone progesterone, which acts as an immunomodulator.
Infectious diseases in women. Today there are many sexually transmitted diseases. They can lead to early miscarriage. These diseases include: toxoplasmosis, syphilis, gonorrhea, trichomoniasis, herpes, chlamydia, cytomegalovirus and others. When planning a pregnancy, you should know that many of these infections can be asymptomatic. Therefore, before becoming pregnant, it is important to eliminate their presence in the body. Spontaneous termination of pregnancy is associated with infection of the embryo and damage to the membranes. If such diseases are detected during pregnancy, it is necessary to immediately begin their treatment in order to reduce the degree of their impact on the fetus.
Poor women's health and chronic diseases. The likelihood of miscarriage in early pregnancy increases when a woman becomes ill and there are heat and intoxication of the body. The most dangerous diseases for a pregnant woman are viral hepatitis, rubella and influenza. Even rhinitis or sore throat short term pregnancy increases the risk of miscarriage. More serious diseases threaten not only the course of pregnancy, but also the health of the unborn child. It is necessary to be examined for the presence of chronic diseases and start treating them. It is also important to tell your doctor immediately about any problems you have.
Previous abortions. A large number of women due to various reasons had abortions. Such interference in the body puts severe stress on it. The consequence of an abortion can be an inflammatory process in the female organs, the development of ovarian and adrenal dysfunction. These complications disrupt the normal course new pregnancy. Induced abortion leads to secondary infertility. When a new pregnancy occurs, a woman must inform her doctor about the abortion.
Taking certain medications and herbal treatment. Everyone knows that some medications can cross the placenta to the fetus and negatively affect it. Taking such drugs is most dangerous in the first trimester of pregnancy. This is due to the fact that during this period all the systems and organs of the unborn child are formed, and if negative impact medications, abnormalities in the formation of the fetus may occur, and consequently, early miscarriage. Dangerous drugs include some groups of antibiotics, contraceptives, and medications that relieve pain. If a woman took them before she found out she was pregnant, she should tell her doctor about it. Can also have a negative impact on the fetus traditional methods treatment. The most dangerous herbs for a pregnant woman are: St. John's wort, tansy and nettle. Even seemingly harmless parsley leads to uterine tone, and as a result, to miscarriage.
Stress. Very often unexpected reasons lead to early miscarriage. One of them is stressful situations that have Negative influence during pregnancy. Under forced circumstances that lead to stress, a pregnant woman should inform her doctor. You can’t start taking it yourself sedatives: They can harm the fetus even more.
Excessive physical activity. During pregnancy, a woman needs to stop lifting weights, and, if necessary, evenly distribute the load and give herself rest. Maximum permissible weight weights for a pregnant woman - 5 kg.
Injury. Falls and injuries rarely lead to spontaneous abortion, since the embryo is reliably protected in the mother's womb. But if such situations arise, it is better to consult a doctor.
Hot bath. There are rare cases of miscarriages when a woman abuses hot baths. To reduce the risk of spontaneous abortion, a woman does not need to completely abandon such procedures; she should not make the water too hot, and stay in the bath for no more than 15 minutes.
Bad habits of the expectant mother. and alcohol abuse during pregnancy can cause early miscarriage. Excessive coffee consumption and lack of outdoor activities also have a negative impact on the development of the unborn child.

Symptoms and signs of miscarriage

The most common symptoms of miscarriage in early pregnancy include painful sensations lower abdomen and bleeding. The pain may radiate to the lumbar region. In this case, the pain is not constant, but appears periodically. If you experience red or Brown You should immediately consult a doctor to avoid spontaneous abortion.

Signs of a threatened miscarriage include uterine tone, but only when it causes the woman discomfort and is accompanied by pain. If there are no unpleasant sensations with tone, then the doctor recommends only reducing physical activity and avoiding stress.

At any stage of pregnancy, the symptoms of miscarriage are similar to each other, only their soreness and abundance of discharge may differ. In the second trimester, damage to the sac is added amniotic fluid accompanied by fluid leaking from the vagina, blood clots during urination and very strong pain in the shoulder or stomach area, indicating internal bleeding.

How does early miscarriage occur?

An early miscarriage does not happen overnight. This process can last several hours or several days. This goes through several stages:

First stage: threat of miscarriage. They appear with her. Gradually they increase, and they become paroxysmal. At the same time, blood begins to be discharged from the vagina. At this stage, timely seeking medical help gives a great chance of maintaining the pregnancy, since the uterus is still closed.
Second phase. Placental abruption begins, as a result of which the embryo experiences oxygen starvation. It is no longer possible to stop spontaneous abortion, since the fetus dies.
Third stage. During this period, the placenta has completely separated, but the dead fetus remains in the uterus. From this moment his separation begins.
Fourth stage. In this case, the dead fetus along with the placenta leaves the uterine cavity. After this, the doctor carefully examines the woman and, if necessary, removes remaining tissue.

During what periods of pregnancy do miscarriages most often occur?

Miscarriage most often occurs at a very short stage of pregnancy - 2-3 weeks. At the same time, the woman does not yet know about her pregnancy and perceives an early miscarriage as the beginning of menstruation. This is associated with similar symptoms: spotting and pain in the lower abdomen.

Less commonly, miscarriage occurs in the later stages up to 20 weeks. Spontaneous miscarriage late in pregnancy after 20 weeks is called stillbirth.

Diagnosis of miscarriage in the early stages

The risk of early miscarriage is reduced to a minimum when the woman, at the planning stage, took all the recommended tests and examinations, and also treated the identified diseases. In this case, the threat of miscarriage is diagnosed during planning, and treatment is carried out in advance.

If there was no preliminary examination and treatment, then a doctor can diagnose an early miscarriage during an examination. To do this, the following manipulations are carried out:

the size of the uterus is checked for compliance with the set period;
it is determined whether the uterus is in good shape;
the closure of the cervix is checked;
attention is paid to vaginal discharge.

At a later date the most reliable way determine the threat of miscarriage - performing a transvaginal ultrasound. At the same time, the length of the cervix and its internal condition are checked.

In the presence of bleeding and others serious threats After a miscarriage, a woman is admitted to a hospital, and if there is no concern about the condition of the pregnancy, she remains treated at home.

Types of miscarriages

Spontaneous abortion can be classified into several types:

An incomplete miscarriage is characterized by pain in the lower abdomen or lower back, while the cervix opens. As the cervix opens, the membranes burst, but the pain and bleeding do not stop.
Complete miscarriage. After death, the fetus or embryo completely leaves the uterine cavity. Bleeding stops and other unpleasant symptoms disappear.
Failed miscarriage. The dead fetus or embryo remains in the uterus. This condition is also called, and it is detected only during a doctor’s examination when listening to the heartbeat. At the same time, all signs of pregnancy disappear. If a missed miscarriage is diagnosed, the woman undergoes uterine curettage.
A recurrent miscarriage is defined as when a woman has had at least three spontaneous abortions in the first trimester.
Anembryony is characterized by the onset of fertilization without the formation of a fetus: the egg is implanted in the uterus, but the embryo is not there. A woman has a missed period and may have other signs of pregnancy.
Choriadenoma occurs due to a genetic error during fertilization: instead of a fetus, abnormal tissue grows in the uterus. Its first signs are similar to pregnancy.

Any such conditions end in spontaneous miscarriage or mechanical abortion.

Is it possible to prevent early miscarriage?

As mentioned earlier, it is possible to stop an early miscarriage only if you seek medical help in a timely manner. If a threat of spontaneous miscarriage is detected, the doctor first of all prescribes compliance bed rest. Sometimes the woman is not even allowed to get up. It is necessary to reduce physical activity to a minimum.

Any disturbances and negative thoughts. It is important to try to avoid stressful situations. The doctor may even prescribe valerian or motherwort as a sedative.

Drug treatment is prescribed to block the contraction of the uterus, which helps stop the miscarriage. If necessary, the doctor prescribes an additional intrauterine ultrasound. If insufficiency is detected, an operation is performed in the hospital to apply sutures to the uterus, helping to preserve the fertilized egg inside. It is done under general anesthesia, and relaxing drugs are injected into the uterus.

It happens that a woman is diagnosed with a threat of miscarriage in the early stages, and she spends almost the entire pregnancy in the hospital.

Consequences after a miscarriage

After a spontaneous miscarriage in the early stages, the doctor may give several days for the remaining fetal tissue to come out on its own with vaginal discharge. If this does not happen, it is prescribed mechanical cleaning uterine cavity: curettage and subsequent restoration of the body are performed.

In this case, you need to monitor the discharge, and if you have any suspicions, immediately consult a doctor. Continuous bleeding at the beginning of menstruation after an early miscarriage may be due to residual membranes in the uterus. To diagnose them, the doctor performs an ultrasound and, if necessary, performs repeated cleaning. If nothing is found in the uterus, drugs are prescribed to actively contract the uterus and stop bleeding.

A rise in body temperature may indicate the onset of an inflammatory process. In this case, you also need to seek medical help. If there are no complications, the body recovers within 1-2 months.

Many couples experience spontaneous miscarriage in early pregnancy. An early miscarriage should not become an obstacle to the desire to have a child. If the early miscarriage was a one-time miscarriage, then the chances normal course subsequent pregnancy is 80%.

With repeated miscarriages, the likelihood of a normal pregnancy is significantly reduced. developing pregnancy. To prevent this from happening, you need to determine the cause of the miscarriage, and if it is any disease, be sure to treat it.

You can plan a new pregnancy only a few months after a miscarriage or uterine curettage.

Preventive measures

Women who have experienced miscarriage once worry about how to prevent spontaneous abortion the next time. You can increase the likelihood of a normal course of your next pregnancy by following certain preventive measures:

complete cessation of bad habits: smoking, drug and alcohol use;
conducting healthy image life;
moderate physical activity.

If a new pregnancy is detected, you should:

Consult your doctor as soon as possible so that, if necessary, he can prescribe medications for the normal development of pregnancy in the early stages.
Reduce consumption of strong tea and coffee.
Avoid lifting weights and playing sports, especially if there is a risk of falling or injuring yourself.

Miscarriage - this is a spontaneous termination of pregnancy during the first 28 weeks (7 obstetric months). This phenomenon is not so rare. According to the latest scientific data, miscarriages, or spontaneous abortions, in reality there are much more than are recorded by gynecologists and even the women themselves. Indeed, during one menstrual-ovarian cycle, a fertile couple on average becomes pregnant in 60% of cases (more precisely, fertilization of the egg occurs). However, half of these pregnancies are terminated before the fertilized egg reaches the uterus (we'll talk about the reasons for this below). Another 30% stop developing in the first days after implantation, that is, when there is still no evidence of pregnancy. Once a pregnancy is established (usually between 35 and 50 days), the risk of spontaneous abortion is 25% (i.e. miscarriage every fourth pregnancy ends), after the eighth week it becomes even smaller, and in the future, the longer the pregnancy, the less likely it becomes miscarriage.

Miscarriages are divided into early(up to 16 weeks) and late(over 16 weeks). Spontaneous abortion occurs without any intervention, contrary to the woman’s wishes. Spontaneous termination of pregnancy more than 2 times in a row is called recurrent miscarriage.

Who is guilty?

Most often - no one. The fact is that at conception, a child receives half of the genetic information from the mother and half from the father. At the moment of fusion of the paternal and maternal cells, a completely new cell with a unique set of chromosomes is formed. Moreover, this set also undergoes changes - chromosomes intersect and exchange sections.

In this case, sometimes certain genes important for the normal development of pregnancy are lost, and from the very beginning such a fertilized egg turns out to be non-viable. If those genes that are needed in later stages of development are lost, the pregnancy can develop normally for some time, without any signs of impending misfortune.

So, basically the majority miscarriages There are genetic reasons that make it impossible to continue this pregnancy. In this case, parents can only come to terms with what happened - no one is immune from accidental violations of the genetic code - and hope that the outcome of the next pregnancy will be successful. However, medicine can both predict and prevent many other causes of miscarriages.

We list the main causes of miscarriage 1 , in addition to genetic:

hormonal disorders;
isthmic-cervical insufficiency;
infectious diseases;
malformations of the uterus, tumors of the uterus and ovaries;
diseases of the kidneys, cardiovascular and other systems of the female body that experience additional stress during pregnancy;
bad habits (smoking, alcoholism, drug addiction) that affect the formation and development of the fertilized egg;
excessive physical and nervous tension;
harmful factors environment (radiation, gas pollution, presence of high concentrations of chemicals).

Wherein genetic abnormalities, hormonal disorders, infectious diseases of the pelvic organs, bad habits and environmental factors are mainly the cause of early miscarriages, while isthmic-cervical insufficiency, chronic somatic diseases (kidneys, hearts, etc.), aggravated during pregnancy, usually cause spontaneous termination of pregnancy in the later stages.

Probably, artificial termination of the first pregnancy deserves special mention among the causes of miscarriage. Of course, in any case, the decision to continue or terminate the pregnancy is made by the woman herself, but she should know that artificial termination of pregnancy, especially the first, among other negative consequences, increases the risk of developing isthmic-cervical insufficiency, since the cervix of a nulliparous woman is difficult to open and is easily injured during an abortion.

In fact, spontaneous termination of pregnancy is a signal that in the body of a woman (as well as a man - when examining the partners of women who have had miscarriage, in approximately 40% of cases, spermatogenesis disorders are detected) not all is well. After all, nature is determined to create the best conditions for the development of a new organism, and if there are none, it solves the problem by terminating the pregnancy. AND miscarriage indicates, first of all, the failure of the development of this pregnancy in the given circumstances, and does not at all mean the fundamental impossibility of maintaining and carrying the next pregnancy.

If medical examination shows that the reason miscarriage there was any illness in a woman or man, it makes no sense to blame yourself or your partner - it is quite possible that you could not have known about the disease until it led to such tragic consequences. In any case, if you both want a child and are ready to do anything to ensure that your baby is born healthy, going to the doctor together and diagnosing and treating those disorders that prevent normal development pregnancy.

What to do after a miscarriage?

Many families, after a miscarriage, want to try to conceive a child as soon as possible. Others, on the contrary, are unable to recover from their experience and experience an overwhelming fear that the next attempt will be unsuccessful. In any case, nothing should be prohibited and nothing should be insisted on. Partners, of course, should rely on their feelings, but I would advise them to also take into account the following recommendations when choosing a reproductive strategy:

It is better to skip 6 months before trying to get pregnant again. It has been noted that pregnancy that occurs immediately after miscarriage, has one and a half times b O greater than usual probability of spontaneous interruption. (However, if pregnancy does occur, do not panic. Many similar pregnancies ended with a successful birth.)
If you decide to hold off on trying to get pregnant for a while, talk to your doctor about which contraceptive method is best for you.
Discuss with your doctor the reasons that led to I'll have a miscarriage, and develop a plan for further action.

There are specialized medical centers whose doctors will give qualified recommendations on identifying and eliminating the causes that led to spontaneous abortion. Be sure to complete all prescribed examinations and pass all tests. After all, on my own miscarriage(and the subsequent curettage of the uterus) does not eliminate infectious diseases, hormonal disorders, or tumor processes and does not reduce the likelihood of genetic and immune disorders during the next pregnancy.

You may need to be examined for infectious diseases of the reproductive organs (both female and male), determine blood hormones, study the immune status, the hemostatic system - blood coagulation (in the presence of infection, this system is activated, contributing to the death and rejection of the fertilized egg), the functioning of the main organs and systems that take on additional load during pregnancy. It may be necessary to treat any identified disorders. Ask your doctor what effects the prescribed medications may have on your reproductive system, and whether they can affect the fetus if you become pregnant during treatment. It makes sense to write down the names of medications and their dosages. Find out how long after stopping the medications you can conceive a child.

If you feel that your psychological condition after miscarriage has not returned to normal, you notice a depressed mood, increased anxiety, bitter memories of what you experienced come flooding back to you every now and then, there is no need to withdraw into yourself. It is best to talk with a loved one, and if necessary, seek help from a specialist - a psychologist or psychotherapist who has experience in working in such situations. After all, your next pregnancy will inevitably be accompanied by increased anxiety for the baby’s life, so if you cannot get rid of fears completely, then at least it is better to learn to cope with them in advance.

Perhaps for the sake of bearing and giving birth healthy child, you will even have to change your lifestyle: give up hard work for a while, eat right, take multivitamins, do gymnastic exercises, bring your weight back to normal. And, of course, get rid of bad habits.

And although the pain of your recent loss will remain with you forever and no one will replace your lost child, your life is not over. Find the strength to survive this grief, find the strength for new attempts, and in the end you will become parents! I wish you patience, determination, self-confidence, peace of mind - and good luck!

If your friends or loved ones have a miscarriage, be sure to try to help them

How to behave

Don't let your feelings of helplessness make you refuse to communicate with them. Don't avoid socializing out of awkwardness. It is especially painful for people who have lost a child to be left without the support of friends.

Don't hide your sympathy.

Be there: at any time your willingness to listen, talk, and help may be needed.

Don't tell them what they should feel or do.

Don't change the subject if they bring up their loss.

Don’t be afraid to “unnerve their feelings” by talking about the tragedy that happened - they will never forget about it, regardless of your reminders.

What to talk about

Be sure to say how sad you are that this happened.

Warn that they don’t need to hold back in front of you, let them cry and talk everything out.

Advise each partner to treat himself and the other with care and patience, and not to be ashamed of his feelings, because any person needs time and strength to survive grief.

What not to talk about

Don't say you understand what it's like for them now (unless you've been in the same situation yourself; in the latter case, your support is especially valuable).

Don’t try to find some positive aspects in what happened (moral lesson, family unity, etc.).

Don’t say that they have other children (there will be another child), this is exactly what they expected and loved.

Do not allow yourself even hints that they themselves are to blame for what happened (they are already tormented by doubts and feelings of guilt).