The body of many living organisms consists of tissues. Exceptions are all unicellular organisms, as well as some multicellular organisms, for example, which include algae and lichens. In this article we will look at the types of fabrics. Biology studies this topic, namely its section - histology. The name of this industry comes from the Greek words "fabric" and "knowledge". There are many types of fabrics. Biology studies both plants and animals. They have significant differences. Biology has been studied for quite some time. For the first time they were described even by such ancient scientists as Aristotle and Avicenna. Biology continues to study tissues and types of tissues - in the 19th century they were studied by such famous scientists as Moldenhauer, Mirbel, Hartig and others. With their participation, new types of cell aggregates were discovered and their functions were studied.

Types of tissues - biology

First of all, it should be noted that the tissues that are characteristic of plants are not characteristic of animals. Therefore, biology can divide tissue types into two large groups: plant and animal. Both combine a large number of varieties. We will consider them further.

Types of animal tissues

Let's start with what is closer to us. Since we belong to the animal kingdom, our body consists precisely of tissues, the varieties of which will now be described. Types of animal tissues can be grouped into four large groups: epithelial, muscle, connective and nervous. The first three are divided into many varieties. Only the last group is represented by only one type. Next, we will consider all types of tissues, the structure and functions that are characteristic of them, in order.

Nervous tissue

Since it only comes in one variety, let's start with that one. The cells of this tissue are called neurons. Each of them consists of a body, an axon and dendrites. The latter are processes through which an electrical impulse is transmitted from cell to cell. A neuron has one axon - it is a long process, there are several dendrites, they are smaller than the first one. The cell body contains the nucleus. In addition, the so-called Nissl bodies are located in the cytoplasm - an analogue of the endoplasmic reticullum, mitochondria, which produce energy, as well as neurotubules, which are involved in conducting impulses from one cell to another.

Depending on their functions, neurons are divided into several types. The first type is sensory, or afferent. They conduct impulses from the sense organs to the brain. The second type of neurons is associative, or switching. They analyze the information received from the senses and develop a response impulse. These types of neurons are found in the brain and spinal cord. The last type is motor, or afferent. They conduct impulses from associative neurons to organs. Nervous tissue also contains intercellular substance. It performs very important functions, namely, it ensures a fixed location of neurons in space, and participates in the removal of unnecessary substances from the cell.

Epithelial

These are types of tissues whose cells are tightly adjacent to each other. They can have a variety of shapes, but are always located close. All the different types of tissues in this group are similar in that they have little intercellular substance. It is mainly presented in the form of a liquid, in some cases it may not be present. These are types of body tissues that provide its protection and also perform a secretory function.

This group includes several varieties. These are flat, cylindrical, cubic, sensory, ciliated and glandular epithelium. From the name of each one you can understand what form of cells they are made of. Different types Epithelial tissues also differ in their location in the body. Thus, the flat one lines the cavities of the upper organs of the digestive tract - the oral cavity and esophagus. Columnar epithelium is found in the stomach and intestines. Cubic can be found in the renal tubules. The sensory one lines the nasal cavity; it contains special villi that provide the perception of odors. Ciliated epithelial cells, as its name implies, have cytoplasmic cilia. This type of tissue lines the airways, which are located below the nasal cavity. The cilia that each cell has perform a cleansing function - they to some extent filter the air that passes through the organs covered by this type of epithelium. And the last type of this group of tissues is glandular epithelium. Its cells perform a secretory function. They are found in the glands, as well as in the cavities of some organs, such as the stomach. Cells of this type of epithelium produce hormones, gastric juice, milk, sebum and many other substances.

Muscle tissue

This group is divided into three types. The muscle is smooth, striated and cardiac. All muscle tissues are similar in that they consist of long cells - fibers; they contain a very large number of mitochondria, since they need a lot of energy to carry out movements. lines the cavities of internal organs. We cannot control the contraction of such muscles ourselves, since they are innervated by the autonomic nervous system.

Cells of striated muscle tissue are distinguished by the fact that they contain more mitochondria than the first. This is because they require more energy. Striated muscles can contract much faster than smooth muscles. Skeletal muscles are made of it. They are innervated by the somatic nervous system, so we can consciously control them. Cardiac muscle tissue combines some of the characteristics of the first two. It is capable of contracting as actively and quickly as the striated one, but is innervated by the autonomic nervous system, just like the smooth one.

Connective tissue types and their functions

All tissues of this group are characterized by a large amount of intercellular substance. In some cases it appears in a liquid aggregate state, in some - in a liquid state, sometimes - in the form of an amorphous mass. Seven types belong to this group. These are dense and loose fibrous, bone, cartilage, reticular, fatty, blood. The first type is dominated by fibers. It is located around the internal organs. Its functions are to give them elasticity and protect them. In loose fibrous tissue, the amorphous mass predominates over the fibers themselves. It completely fills the gaps between the internal organs, while dense fibrous forms only peculiar shells around the latter. She also plays a protective role.

Bone and form the skeleton. It performs a supporting and partly protective function in the body. In the cells and intercellular substance of bone tissue, phosphates and calcium compounds predominate. The exchange of these substances between the skeleton and blood is regulated by hormones such as calcitonin and parathyrotropin. The first maintains the normal condition of bones by participating in the conversion of phosphorus and calcium ions into organic compounds, stored in the skeleton. And the second, on the contrary, with a lack of these ions in the blood provokes their production from skeletal tissues.

Blood contains a lot of liquid intercellular substance, it is called plasma. Its cells are quite peculiar. They are divided into three types: platelets, erythrocytes and leukocytes. The former are responsible for blood clotting. During this process, a small blood clot is formed, which prevents further blood loss. Red blood cells are responsible for transporting oxygen throughout the body and providing it to all tissues and organs. They may contain aglutinogens, which exist in two types - A and B. Blood plasma may contain alpha or beta aglutinins. They are antibodies to aglutinogens. These substances are used to determine the blood type. In the first group, no aglutinogens are observed on the erythrocytes, and two types of aglutinins are found in the plasma at once. The second group has aglutinogen A and aglutinin beta. The third is B and alpha. There are no aglutinins in the plasma of the fourth, but aglutinogens A and B are present on the red blood cells. If A meets alpha or B meets beta, the so-called aglutination reaction occurs, as a result of which the red blood cells die and blood clots form. This can happen if you receive a blood transfusion from the wrong group. Considering that only red blood cells are used during transfusion (plasma is screened out at one of the stages of processing donor blood), then a person with the first group can only be transfused with blood of his own group, with the second - blood of the first and second groups, with the third - with the first and third groups, from the fourth - any group.

Also, D antigens may be present on red blood cells, which determines the Rh factor; if present, the latter is positive; if absent, it is negative. Lymphocytes are responsible for immunity. They are divided into two main groups: B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes. The former are produced in the bone marrow, the latter - in the thymus (gland located behind the sternum). T lymphocytes are divided into T-inducers, T-helpers and T-suppressors. Reticular connective tissue consists of a large amount of intercellular substance and stem cells. Blood cells are formed from them. This tissue forms the basis of the bone marrow and other hematopoietic organs. There are also cells that contain lipids. It performs a reserve, thermal insulation and sometimes protective function.

How do plants work?

These organisms, like animals, consist of aggregates of cells and intercellular substance. We will describe the types of plant tissues further. All of them are divided into several large groups. These are educational, integumentary, conductive, mechanical and basic. The types of plant tissues are numerous, as several belong to each group.

Educational

These include apical, lateral, insertional and wound. Their main function is to ensure plant growth. They consist of small cells that actively divide and then differentiate to form any other type of tissue. The apical ones are located at the tips of the stems and roots, the lateral ones - inside the stem, under the integumentary ones, the intercalary ones - at the bases of the internodes, the wound ones - at the site of damage.

Integumentary

They are characterized by thick cell walls composed of cellulose. They play a protective role. There are three types: epidermis, crust, plug. The first covers all parts of the plant. It may have a protective waxy coating; it also contains hairs, stomata, cuticle, and pores. The crust is distinguished by the fact that it does not have pores; in all other characteristics it is similar to the epidermis. Cork is the dead tissue that forms the bark of trees.

Conductive

These tissues come in two varieties: xylem and phloem. Their functions are the transport of substances dissolved in water from the root to other organs and vice versa. Xylem is formed from vessels formed by dead cells with hard shells; there are no transverse membranes. They transport liquid upward.

Phloem - sieve tubes - living cells that do not have nuclei. The transverse membranes have large pores. With the help of this type of plant tissue, substances dissolved in water are transported downward.

Mechanical

They also come in two types: and sclerenchyma. Their main task is to ensure the strength of all organs. Collenchyma is represented by living cells with lignified membranes that fit tightly to each other. Sclerenchyma consists of elongated dead cells with hard membranes.

Basic

As their name implies, they form the basis of all plant organs. They are assimilation and spare. The first are found in the leaves and green part of the stem. Their cells contain chloroplasts, which are responsible for photosynthesis. Organic substances accumulate in the storage tissue, in most cases it is starch.

A collection of cells and intercellular substance similar in origin, structure and functions is called cloth. In the human body they secrete 4 main groups of fabrics: epithelial, connective, muscular, nervous.

Epithelial tissue(epithelium) forms a layer of cells that make up the integument of the body and the mucous membranes of all internal organs and cavities of the body and some glands. The exchange of substances between the body and the environment occurs through epithelial tissue. In epithelial tissue, cells are very close to each other, there is little intercellular substance.

This creates an obstacle for the penetration of microbes, harmful substances And reliable protection tissues underlying the epithelium. Due to the fact that the epithelium is constantly exposed to various external influences, its cells die in large quantities and are replaced by new ones. Cell replacement occurs due to the ability of epithelial cells and rapid.

There are several types of epithelium - skin, intestinal, respiratory.

Derivatives of the skin epithelium include nails and hair. The intestinal epithelium is monosyllabic. It also forms glands. These are, for example, the pancreas, liver, salivary, sweat glands, etc. Enzymes secreted by the glands break down nutrients. Decomposition products nutrients are absorbed by the intestinal epithelium and enter the blood vessels. The respiratory tract is lined with ciliated epithelium. Its cells have outward-facing motile cilia. With their help, particulate matter trapped in the air is removed from the body.

Connective tissue. A feature of connective tissue is strong development intercellular substance.

The main functions of connective tissue are nutritional and supporting. Connective tissue includes blood, lymph, cartilage, bone, and adipose tissue. Blood and lymph consist of a liquid intercellular substance and blood cells floating in it. These tissues provide communication between organisms, carrying various gases and substances. Fibrous and connective tissue consists of cells connected to each other by an intercellular substance in the form of fibers. The fibers can lie tightly or loosely. Fibrous connective tissue is found in all organs. Adipose tissue also looks like loose tissue. It is rich in cells that are filled with fat.

IN cartilage tissue the cells are large, the intercellular substance is elastic, dense, contains elastic and other fibers. There is a lot of cartilage tissue in the joints, between the vertebral bodies.

Bone consists of bone plates, inside of which lie cells. The cells are connected to each other by numerous thin processes. Bone tissue is hard.

Muscle. This tissue is formed by muscles. In their cytoplasm there are thin filaments capable of contraction. Smooth and striated muscle tissue is distinguished.

The fabric is called cross-striped because its fibers have a transverse striation, which is an alternation of light and dark areas. Smooth muscle tissue is part of the walls of internal organs (stomach, intestines, bladder, blood vessels). Striated muscle tissue is divided into skeletal and cardiac. Skeletal muscle tissue consists of elongated fibers reaching a length of 10–12 cm. Cardiac muscle tissue, like skeletal muscle tissue, has transverse striations. However, unlike skeletal muscle, there are special areas where the muscle fibers close tightly together. Thanks to this structure, the contraction of one fiber is quickly transmitted to neighboring ones. This ensures simultaneous contraction of large areas of the heart muscle. Muscle contraction is of great importance. The contraction of skeletal muscles ensures the movement of the body in space and the movement of some parts in relation to others. Due to smooth muscles, internal organs contract and the diameter of blood vessels changes.

Nervous tissue. The structural unit of nervous tissue is a nerve cell - a neuron.

A neuron consists of a body and processes. The body of a neuron can be of various shapes - oval, stellate, polygonal. A neuron has one nucleus, usually located in the center of the cell. Most neurons have short, thick, strongly branching processes near the body and long (up to 1.5 m), thin, and branching processes only at the very end. Long processes of nerve cells form nerve fibers. The main properties of a neuron are the ability to be excited and the ability to conduct this excitation along nerve fibers. In nervous tissue these properties are especially well expressed, although they are also characteristic of muscles and glands. Excitation is transmitted along the neuron and can be transmitted to other neurons or muscles connected to it, causing it to contract. The importance of the nervous tissue that forms nervous system, huge. Nervous tissue is not only part of the body as part of it, but also ensures the unification of the functions of all other parts of the body.

Types of fabrics and their characteristics.

High quality, fashionable and beautiful fabric- the key to the success of any sewing product. Fabric is created by weaving the warp and weft threads, located mutually perpendicular to each other, using a loom. Various types of fabrics are created thanks to the characteristics of the raw materials and weaving patterns, which determine its structure, appearance and properties. What types of fabrics are there and what are their characteristics, properties, weaves? This is what this article will discuss. We will present the types of fabrics in detailed descriptions and with photos so that you can navigate this topic.

Based on the type of raw material, all types of fabrics can be divided into three large groups: natural, artificial and synthetic. There is also spinous tissue of mineral origin, but it is used only in construction.

The first group includes fabrics made from fibers of plant and animal origin: cotton, flax, jute, hemp, wool and silk.

Artificial fabrics are obtained from natural substances of organic origin - cellulose, proteins, and inorganic - glass, metal. These are viscose, acetate, fabrics with metal threads and lurex.

Synthetic fabrics are made from polymer threads. These include: polyamide fabrics - dederon, hemlon, silone; polyesters - tesil, slotra, diolene; polypropylene and polyvinyl fabrics - dralon and cashmilon.

The textural features of various types of fabrics - shine, pile, “sandy surface” - largely depend on the type of weave.

Simple (smooth or warp) weaves of warp and weft threads are plain (taffeta), twill (kipper) and satin (satin). Special weaves have crepe and fine-grain fabrics (canvas). Checked and striped fabrics have a composite (combined) weave. Fabrics with complex patterns have jacquard weave threads. To create pile fabrics, weft weave (semi-velvet, corduroy) or base pile weave (velvet, plush) is used. In the production of fine-woven fabrics such as drapes and some types of silk, a two-layer weave is used, in which two separate fabrics are formed, connected to each other with special weft or warp threads.

According to the color scheme, types of fabrics can be divided into single-color and multi-color - melange, printed, multi-colored, mulled.

Over the centuries-old history of weaving, a huge number of different types of fabrics have been created, striking in the variety of textures, patterns and surface effects.

Most known species fabrics and their names:

Openwork is a fabric made of cotton, wool or silk yarn with an end-to-end pattern. It was very popular in the first half of the 19th century.

Alpaca is a light, soft, thin fabric made in plain or twill weave from the wool of the domestic animal of the same name, which is bred in Peru and Bolivia. A very valuable type of wool.

Angora (Angora wool) - is made from the wool of Angora rabbits and goats bred on farms in England, France, Italy, and Japan. Used in knitting production.

Satin is a smoothly dyed fabric made of silk threads with a shiny satin weave surface. Translated from Arabic, “atlas” means “smooth.” In Rus', atlas has been known since the 15th century: it was widely used to make clothing for the nobility - caftans, feryazis, zipuns, sundresses and shirts. In modern fashion, women's dresses for special occasions, elegant blouses and suits are made from it. Satin is also used as lining fabric.

Types of fabrics - photo: satin, alpaca, velvet, cambric, supplex, boucle, corduroy, velor and viscose.

Acetate silk is a silk made from man-made fibers first produced in 1925 by Celanese Corp. chemists. of America (USA).

Velvet - cotton, soft fabric having a pile surface. Velvet can be plain-dyed or patterned. It is used for making evening dresses and suits, trousers and jackets. Stretch velvet has excellent stretch and fits well thanks to the elastic fibers in the fabric. Used to make leggings and sweaters.

Batiste - light and dense, soft to the touch, cotton or linen fabric plain weave. The fabric is named after the Flemish weaver Baptiste of Cambrai, who first made it in the 13th century. Blouses, dresses, women's and children's underwear, and handkerchiefs are made from cambric.

Brocat is a silk fabric with a plain card pattern and gold or silver threads (Lurex). Latest Developments This fabric is made of synthetic fibers. Brokat is used to make elegant blouses and dresses, as well as men's evening jackets.

Boston is a plain-dyed twill fabric made from high-quality wool with increased wear resistance. Used to make costumes.

Boucle is a thick plain weave fabric made from fancy yarn with large knots in the form of irregular loop-shaped thickenings, due to which “bumps” are formed on its surface. Used to make women's suits and coats.

Calico is a dense cotton or linen fabric of plain weave, made from carded yarn. Used to make bed linen.

Corduroy cord is a cotton fabric with cut pile, having pile stripes 3-5 mm wide. It comes plain painted and with a printed pattern.

Types of fabrics - photo: gabardine fabrics, guipure (lace), tapestry, devore, jersey, drape, jacquard fabric, georgette, suede.

Corduroy rib is a cotton fabric with a cut pile, having pile strips 1 mm wide. It comes plain painted and with a printed pattern.

Velor (from the French Velours - velvet) is the general name for materials that have a pile, velvety front surface. These are not only fabrics (cotton, wool, rayon), but also leather and felt. In some countries, velvet is called corduroy and velvet.

Viscose is the name of an artificial fiber made from cellulose and fabrics based on it. Viscose was first produced in Great Britain at the end of the 19th century. IN pure form it has a number of disadvantages (shrinkage when wet, low strength), however, in combination with other fibers, high-quality fabrics are obtained.

Voile is a thin, transparent fabric made of cotton threads of plain weave. Weight of 1 square meter from 60 to 105 g.

Gabardine - (from Spanish - “gabardina” - protection from the elements) - pure wool or wool blend fabric of twill weave, on the surface of which there are pronounced diagonal scars. The fabric is highly wear-resistant and waterproof due to the density and uniformity of the surface. Used for making women's and men's suits, coats and raincoats.

Gas is a transparent, almost weightless silk or cotton fabric of a special weave in which the weft and warp threads retain space. Depending on the manufacturing features, the gas was produced as satin, linen or twill.

Garus is a type of woolen fabric named after the city of Arras in Flanders, where it was made.

Guipure - lace fabric made of thin cotton or silk threads, consisting of fragments sewn with a needle or made using bobbins, connected to each other. Today, guipure is produced by machine.

Denim ( denim) - (from the French De Nim - from Nîmes) - cotton fabric of plain or twill weave, characterized by high strength and density. Named after the city of Nîmes, where it was first made. In the beginning it was used to make work clothes for gold miners, in our time - for everyday denim clothing.

Devore is a fabric on which the pattern is obtained by burning (chemical etching) part of the fibers.

Types of fabrics - photo: cashmere, crash, lycra, lacquer, linen, organza, brocade (brocat), pique, plush fabrics.

Jersey is a knitted fabric (single or double) machine knitted with a fine loop pitch, having high elongation and smooth surface. Jersey is made from combed wool, sometimes from cotton, silk or artificial fibers. Coco Chanel introduced wool jersey into fashion.

Drape (from the French Drap - cloth) is a soft woolen fabric with a smooth surface, on which, as a result of rolling, a felt-like covering is formed, covering the weave. Draperies can be single- or double-faced, plain and multi-colored, piled and smooth. Used for sewing men's and women's coats.

Cashmere is a wool or wool blend fabric with a diagonal rib on the surface, made from the hair of the Himalayan goat. The name of the fabric comes from the Indian state of Kashmir, from which the fabric was imported to Europe since the 18th century. However, this is also the name of the goat, from whose wool this fabric is produced.

Crepe de Chine (French: Crepe de Chine) is a fabric made from silk threads produced from raw silk in the warp and crepe silk in the weft or fabric from artificial threads produced from a loosely twisted warp and weft with a high crepe twist (surface density - 130 g /m2). Crepe de Chine has a matte surface.

Crepe georgette is a thin, translucent fabric made from silk threads of crepe twist in the warp and weft of a plain weave. It is characterized by rigidity, elasticity, and flowing edges. It is used for making dresses, blouses, and also for decoration.

Crepe-satin is a double-sided fabric made of artificial silk threads: one side is satin, the other is matte with a crepe effect. Both sides can be used as front sides.

Crepe chiffon is a fabric made from natural twisted threads of crepe silk in the warp and weft of plain weave (surface density 25 g/m2). The fabric has a matte surface, like all crepe fabrics.

Linen is a fabric made from threads produced from flax stems. Linen - natural material with excellent hygienic properties: it allows air to pass through and pleasantly cools the skin on a hot summer day.

Organdy (from the French Organdi - hard fabric) is a thin, transparent, stiff cotton fabric, native to Eastern India.

Organza is a hard-to-touch, transparent fabric made from natural silk or chemical fibers.

Brocade is a complex fabric with patterns of gold and silver threads. It was imported to Russia from Turkey and Iran, later from France and Italy, and from the 18th century its production was established in Russia.

Pique is a cotton or silk fabric with a complex weave of fibers, which has a characteristic texture on the front side in the form of longitudinal stripes. Used to make women's dresses, blouses, suits.

Polyamide (nylon) is a synthetic fiber and fabric made from it that has high wear resistance and exceptional tensile strength.

Types of fabrics - photo from left to right: poplin, reps, cloth, taffeta, tweed, fukra, cotton, silk, silk satin.

Polyester - new synthetic material with good breathability and softness.

Semi-velvet is a dense cotton fabric with a pile surface obtained through weft-pile weave.

Poplin - thick fabric plain weave, made from cotton, silk or wool threads. It has a small transverse rib due to the fact that the density of the warp threads is greater than that of the weft threads. Silk poplin is used to make elegant dresses.

Rep is a dense fabric made from cotton, silk and wool threads made from combed warp and weft yarn, plain weave. The fabric has a “ribbed” texture due to the fact that the density of the warp threads is higher than the density of the weft threads: the surface of the fabric is formed from the warp threads, and the weft threads, once in the middle, form transverse ribs.

Twill is a fabric made from silk or wool threads with a twill weave. Silk twill is an excellent material for lining, and wool is excellent for outerwear.

Satin is a fabric with a shiny surface made of silk, cotton and wool threads of satin weave. Silk satin - amazing beautiful material for the manufacture of wedding and elegant dresses. Home and work clothes are made from cotton sateen. Wool satin is used for outerwear.

Broadcloth is a dense woolen fabric with a moderately shiny surface obtained by interweaving medium-thick carded yarn in the warp and thick hardware yarn in the weft. During the finishing process, the fabric is piled, then the pile is sheared and pressed. The cloth is used to make coats and suits.

Taffeta is a dense silk fabric, plain-dyed or variegated, with a ribbed texture. Used for ball gowns.

Types of fabrics - photo: wool, chiffon, staple fabric. Fabric weaves from left to right: plain, twill and satin weaves.

Tweed (English, tweed) is a coarse woolen fabric with a twill weave. Named after a river in Scotland, along the banks of which there were textile factories producing these fabrics.

Tactel is a fabric made of thin fiber containing 100% cellulose, has high wear resistance, wind resistance and good hygienic properties: it easily absorbs moisture and “breathes”.

Flannel is a cotton or wool fabric of rep (weft) or twill weave, with a sparse brush on both sides. Cotton flannel is used to make linen. From soft and warm wool flannel make men's and women's clothing: suits, skirts, trousers.

Cotton is a natural fiber made from the cotton plant.

Shanzhan - natural or artificial silk with an iridescent effect obtained thanks to multi-colored threads warp and weft.

Cheviot is a single-color sparse wool fabric of twill weave that is felted and sheared. Used for making outerwear.

Silk is a lightweight fabric made from threads obtained from the cocoons of silkworms.

Wool is a fabric made from natural fibers made from the wool of sheep, camels, and goats.

Chiffon is a very thin, delicate translucent fabric made from threads of silk, cotton, viscose or synthetic crepe twist. Silk chiffon is considered the best - smooth, shiny, flowing.

Tartan is a term for fabric with a large check pattern.

Staple is a soft fabric made of silky fiber based on cellulose with the addition of cotton, has good hygienic properties and is used in a summer range of clothing.

Various types of fabrics allow every woman to find her own unique look and style!

Irina Shestakova for fammeo.ru

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In order for a product to be made with impeccable quality, you need to select the ideal material for it. The purpose of the item and the figure of the person who will use it are taken into account, but first of all it is necessary to analyze all the properties of the fabrics - texture and other features.

What do you need to know?

It is known that hard, dense material does not stretch over time. It is not prone to wrinkles, but this material makes the figure wider. And here characteristic property soft tissues - the ability to form smooth figures. The material lays down easily and freely, but can stretch greatly over time. This is especially true for knitwear. It is believed that such fabrics are most suitable for rare occasions - to be worn on holidays. When used carefully, they are practically not deformed.

If an item of clothing is made of elastic material, it quickly returns to its original state after being stretched. Such fabrics are optimal for working on sportswear items and swimwear. If a person ideal figure, he can afford an outfit made of just such material.

Fabric is more than just fibers

What properties of tissues are important for humans? It is customary to primarily remember the physical and chemical ones, but aesthetic ones are no less significant. First of all, this concerns colors. Fabric pattern is one of the key points that helps you choose the optimal material for making the intended item. In particular, small prints and plain fabrics are ideal for most body shapes; tailoring a product from them is quite simple. But the fabrics decorated large pictures, pose a considerable problem for the designer and seamstress. Cutting requires large reserves of material, since the design will have to be adjusted. It is not recommended to choose such material for making wardrobe items for overweight people who are short in stature.

Certain work process problems are associated with such fabrics, the composition and properties of which determine the high hairiness of the surface. She is capable of dispersing light rays. Observing the material in the direction of the pile, it seems that the color is not saturated enough, but as soon as you stroke the material “against the fur,” the shade immediately changes. To cut the product correctly, it is necessary to place all the parts in the same direction on the fabric, otherwise the finished result will be disappointing. Another difficulty is related to the flowability of matter. It’s quite difficult to work with this one, since the cuts crumble a lot at the edges. This is especially true for smooth materials - silk, satin.

The warmth has arrived!

Knowing the basic properties of fabrics, you can successfully select the material for clothing designed for a specific season. For example, in summer and spring it is preferable to wear products made from natural raw materials. The most popular cotton fabrics are made with the addition of viscose fibers and a certain percentage of synthetics. This keeps the fabric breathable and lightweight, but much easier to care for.

If you need to make a shirt, blouse, dress, you can use cotton linen material. It is also suitable for the production of bedding. Some weave materials include jacquard and linen, but there are also combined options. Studying the properties of fabrics requires paying attention to geometric characteristics, primarily width. Usually there are options on sale (in centimeters): 80, 90, 140, 160. Due to the inclusion of viscose and synthetic components at the production stage, such fabric does not shrink. It is easy to wash and does not wrinkle.

Fabrics and clothing

Perhaps the most popular fabric is cotton. Its properties fully justify such love from the public: the material is durable, feels pleasant, and is suitable for different seasons and types of clothing. Cotton is often used to make dresses, but more often they resort to a special type of dress material. They differ from each other not only in colors, but also in the methods of weaving fibers. In modern stores, the choice of such fabrics is truly huge.

The demand for shirt fabrics is quite high. The properties of such fabrics (poplin) are such that products made from them do not shrink. They are pleasant to the touch, so they are suitable to be worn directly on the skin, without an additional layer of protective fabric. For the production of shirting materials, mercerized cotton is usually used. In addition to the shirts themselves, you can safely sew a blouse and underwear from such material.

Both for training and for the evening

Knowing the properties of fabrics, you can make impeccable sports suit. Choose fabrics that contain elastane and cotton. It is important that the fabric is durable, can withstand significant loads, and does not wear out. Another significant indicator is hygroscopicity. The most modern products are made from various porous fabrics that can wick moisture away from the skin. Such materials are certainly the best for sports products, but they are also quite expensive and require special care.

It is equally important to choose the right material for an evening or cocktail dress. Silk is most often used - natural or artificial. The properties of fibers, the properties of fabrics, natural silk sheets are impeccable - this material breathes, is resistant, does not stretch or deform, and looks great. The only problem is that it is very expensive, and it is often difficult to buy - there are many fakes on the market. Mostly octane, viscose, polyamide, and polyester are found on sale. Synthetic artificial material - does not wrinkle, does not shrink. Polyester is prone to the accumulation of static electricity, so it is necessary to constantly treat the finished product with an antistatic agent.

Beautiful and gentle

Knowing what properties fabrics from the chiffon category have, you can select the ideal material for lightweight summer dress. Natural and synthetic fabrics are available for sale. Chiffon is translucent. There are single-color options on sale, as well as beautiful and original printed fabrics. The fabric is suitable for sewing dresses and blouses.

When considering the types and properties of fabrics, it is necessary to pay attention to corduroy. This is a group of fabrics for the manufacture of which viscose and cotton fibers are used. Elastane is often added to the composition to improve the physical properties of the material. Distinctive feature corduroy - the presence of scars, the width of which varies from model to model. This material is used to make outerwear for people of all ages and genders.

Linen, taffeta and satin

As a rule, linen is a fabric made from natural fibers with a small admixture of synthetics. The properties of modern fabrics in this category are relatively good stretchability, not too strong a tendency to wrinkles. But completely natural linen wrinkles easily, and ironing it will not be easy, but this fabric practically does not fade and is very pleasant to the body. Linen fabrics are optimal for outerwear for people of any age. They absorb moisture well, are resistant to fading in the sun and conduct heat.

Determining the properties of fabrics is important at the stage of selecting materials for making clothes. For example, if you plan to make a skirt or blouse, you can give preference to high-quality taffeta. But for linings for dresses will fit the same taffeta, but of poor quality. No less attractive is dense satin - a fabric with a characteristic shine, smooth, made from natural silk or synthetic fibers. This type is often chosen for the production of cocktail dresses and wedding dresses.

Crepes and delicate fabrics: properties of fabrics

The properties of fibers for crepes are determined by the natural origin of the raw materials, although this condition is not mandatory. Inexpensive varieties are mainly made from artificial silk fibers. Visually identifying crepe is quite simple - it has a grainy surface and the weave is quite dense. There is also crepe satin. This is a beautiful fabric, one side of which is matte and the other with shine. Typically, the material is used to make elegant wardrobe items due to its ability to drape.

The mechanical properties of brocade fabric make it possible to use this raw material for the production of dresses and suits. The name refers to a jacquard into which threads of golden or silver material with a pronounced shine are woven.

It is important!

It is necessary to take into account the mechanical properties of the fabric not only at the stage of manufacturing the product, but also when using it and caring for the item. For example, silk is negatively affected by ultraviolet radiation. The material weakens, strength drops greatly, and the product will not last long. But flax is the opposite. This material summer sun, like other weather vicissitudes, are not terrible.

In order for your favorite wardrobe items to last as long as possible and not deteriorate visually and in quality, you need to study what they are made of and follow the rules for using these products.

Physical properties of fabric

Depending on what technology was used in production, the properties of fabrics change significantly, as well as their appearance. Considering the physical characteristics, they evaluate the ability to absorb moisture, conduct air, and steam. This includes dust capacity and the ability to accumulate static electricity. The fibrous composition determines the purpose of the material. Currently, in our country there are special rules and standards that regulate the requirements for materials and production technologies.

The property of fabrics, called hygroscopicity, is usually considered first in technological courses; it is one of the basic ones. This term describes how well a material can absorb moisture present in the environment around it. The most relevant parameter is for raw materials used for sewing linen and clothing for the hot season. Natural fibers are maximally hygroscopic - linen, silk, viscose.

It is important

When considering the properties of chemical fabrics, be sure to pay attention to poor hygroscopicity indicators. Acetate and synthetics practically do not absorb moisture. The reduction in this parameter is due to special treatment - solutions have been developed that reduce the ability to absorb moisture. A low level of hygroscopicity is characteristic of film-coated matter.

Let me breathe!

The ability to transmit steam and water are parameters from which it follows how well the material will absorb the produced human body liquid and release it into the environment. The most noticeable qualities are when using natural materials. In addition to cotton and linen, you should pay attention to silk.

Another important quality is the ability to pass air. The thinner the material, the lower its density, the greater the ability to breathe. The interlacing of such material is openwork, which determines the specific feature described. It is necessary to select fabrics with such parameters if you plan to sew a product for use in the hot season. Treatment with special compounds and application of coatings that create a continuous film greatly reduce the ability of the material to pass air.

Dust and heat

There is a special parameter that quantitatively reflects the ability of a material to accumulate dirt. It is called dust holding capacity. This feature depends on the composition of the fibers and the density of the weaving and the finishing used. Much is determined by what the front surface is. If the product is made of wool, it is loose and textured, dust and dirt will accumulate very quickly. Pile, backcomb, boucle - all these options get dirty almost instantly.

The fabric can retain not only dirt, but also heat. This parameter is most important for fabrics used in the manufacture of winter clothing. The already mentioned wool provides excellent warmth and minimizes heat loss. It will be difficult to retain body heat in linen clothing - it quickly releases energy to the environment. Thermal protective qualities increase if during the creation process the fiber was processed by napping and rolling. Products made from multilayer material have good heat resistance.

Electricity: benefit or harm?

It’s simply impossible to imagine our life without light, but the static current accumulated by clothing causes a lot of trouble for many. Some fabrics, to a greater extent than others, can accumulate electricity caused by textile friction and skin, third party items. Synthetic materials are more prone to electrification.

Sew good item Wardrobe made from a material prone to static electricity is frankly not easy, and the finished product will quickly get dirty, as dust particles stick to the surface of the material. Electrical discharges are a source of discomfort, and in some especially sensitive people they have a negative effect on the heart, blood vessels and nerves. To reduce the ability of matter to collect electricity, you can treat it with special compounds - there are quite a lot of antistatic agents on sale. When choosing, you need to pay attention to the smell: some are quite persistent, which will create discomfort when wearing clothes treated with the composition.

Properties and Features

Considering character traits materials, pay attention to thickness, mass, strength and other specific qualities that distinguish the material from others. Specific numerical values ​​that describe properties are individual characteristics that allow us to conclude how high quality the sample in question is. Properties are usually divided into groups:

• geometric (weight, dimensions, thickness);
• mechanical (stiffness, deformation, unraveling);
• physical (discussed above - the ability to absorb, transmit moisture, air, dust);
• tendency to shrink;
• wear resistance.

Categorization

The threads used in the production of a particular fabric allow the material to be classified as natural, synthetic or artificial fabrics. Each group has its own unique properties due to the characteristics of production. So, natural fibers of plant or animal origin. The first type includes the flax discussed above, the second type is wool and silk fabric. They are clean, do not harm the environment, and are safe for humans.

Artificial material is made by working with natural materials in industrial conditions. The most commonly used is cellulose. The finished product is modal, viscose. These are shiny materials, but most of them are fragile, especially when wet.

Synthetic fibers are those that are made from oil, coal, and gas. On sale they are represented by nylon, acrylic and many other similar names. Products made from such raw materials practically do not wear out, they are very durable, but do not conduct air and do not absorb water, and do not always meet hygiene standards for fabrics. Synthetics can cause allergic reactions or asthma attacks.

About textiles

Textiles are loom-woven, knitted and non-woven fabrics. The latter category includes felted ones. Such materials can be made from a variety of raw materials, but they are united by similar hygienic, technological, physical, mechanical properties, and features manifested during operation. Analyzing everything possible options material for sewing the intended product, it is necessary first of all to examine the physical and mechanical parameters. In particular, they analyze how high the tensile strength is. The feature depends on the thickness of the fibers used and the weaving characteristics, as well as the composition of the product. Synthetics are the most durable, while wool and cotton have the worst parameters.

Some fabrics, to a greater extent, others to a lesser extent, are capable of forming folds and creases, which can be removed with an iron or steamer. Cotton fabrics are most susceptible to these processes, and polyester options are in the lead.

Beautiful or not?

Some fabrics are soft in nature, so they fold easily and aesthetically. Products made from this material are elegant and beautiful. Satin and silk are especially highly valued. But jacquard and velvet are denser and stiffer, so you won’t be able to drape them, there won’t be enough flexibility.

Stiffness is an important property of fabric; it must be taken into account when making clothes. The term usually refers to the ability of a material to resist external factors, changing shape. Some canvases, even under the influence of their own weight, can stretch out and sag over time, but others retain their original appearance for many decades.

Reliable and long lasting

Wear resistance is one of the most important properties of fabric. The use of products from different materials is associated with numerous loads - mechanical, chemical. Biological factors are also significant. All this leads to the loss of the original aesthetics of the material and provokes deformation and destruction. The fibers become thinner, fall apart, the fabric stretches and becomes unusable. Has the highest wear resistance artificial fabric, satin, satin. The first to wear out are cotton fabrics, the fibers of which are woven in a simple way.

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The dress is the personification of femininity and elegance, as well as a versatile outfit - you can wear it to work, to a party or just for a walk. The main thing is to choose the right style, dress fabrics and color so that it looks appropriate and emphasizes the dignity of the figure.

General approaches to classification

There are many classifications fabrics: suit types and payment. They differ

• by type of raw material;
• season;
• finishing;
• type of weave;
• color;
• properties; purpose.

Exists big class different costume and dress fabrics for sewing the entire range of men's, women's and children's clothing, including outerwear and special-purpose products (uniforms, workwear).
Its subclass is the dress group, which includes fabrics of various densities and compositions intended for the manufacture of women's dresses. These tissues, in turn, are divided into smaller groups according to one of the characteristics, respectively fabric density and the composition is determined, what to sew. Let's see, What for types of fabrics for dresses there are their names and characteristics with photos

By composition

Many properties of the material depend on the composition and already finished products, as well as rules for caring for them. He can be

• natural;
• artificial;

• synthetic;
• mixed.

Natural

More expensive natural dress fabrics have good hygienic properties, but have their drawbacks - most of them wrinkle a lot and have poor stretch.

Linen

Natural fabric is durable, low-stretch and has good hygienic properties - it is hygroscopic, allows the skin to breathe, is hypoallergenic, and does not accumulate static electricity. Another very important and unique property of flax is that it prevents the development of bacteria.

Simple ones are sewn from linen everyday dresses, which perfectly protect from the summer heat, and will keep you warm in the cold. Since linen does not stretch at all, it is better to choose loose styles. It is better not to use such material as office clothing, as wrinkled items look untidy.

The disadvantage of 100% linen is that it can shrink when washed and also wrinkles a lot.

Cotton

Inexpensive cotton fabric for dress can be of different density, color and texture. Dresses made from cotton fabrics absorb moisture well, allow the skin to breathe, and does not electrify. It is used to sew summer and winter dresses. The disadvantage of products made from pure dress cotton is their low extensibility and high degree creasing.

Silk

Very beautiful and Expensive thin textile With shiny surface for a dress, Made from silkworm cocoons. Lightweight fabric, drapes perfectly, has good hygienic properties - absorbs and evaporates moisture, allows air to pass through. Gives coolness in hot weather, warms in cold weather.

From the flowing silk fabrics produce exquisite evening dresses to the floor and a free silhouette. It goes well with lace and is used when sewing bride’s wedding dresses.
Have a detrimental effect ultra-violet rays- it loses color and strength.

Thin silk, very light and transparent. Chiffon airy dresses and sundresses are the personification of tenderness and femininity.

Silk and chiffon wrinkle very much, so they are rarely used in their pure form. Such products require delicate care and storage.

Wool

The disadvantage of pure wool fabrics is low wear resistance and tendency to shrink.

Artificial

Casual dresses of any style are sewn from it.

Synthetics

In the production of synthetic fibers, natural raw materials are not used, but only polymers. They are highly durable, wrinkle less, are resistant to shrinkage and hold their shape well.

Polyester

They are widely used for the production of dresses.

Outwardly, it is very similar to silk, but very inexpensive. Draps well, soft, durable, wear-resistant, does not wrinkle and does not require complex care. Polyester dresses can be absolutely different styles and appointments.

100% polyester can cause allergies, is electrified, and is airtight, so it can be hot in summer, but the latter property depends on the type of fiber weave.

Mixed

To improve the performance qualities of natural fabrics, synthetic fibers or other natural fibers are added to them in various proportions. In this case, some properties may be deteriorated.

Stretch cotton

Thanks to the addition of a small percentage of lycra to dress cotton, the fabric acquires new positive qualities - it wrinkles less and stretches well. Dresses from such fabrics They turn out to be very comfortable, softly fit the figure and do not hinder movements.

Linen with lavsan

Adding polyester fibers to linen allows you to sew not only very comfortable, but also practical dresses. They wrinkle much less and their wear resistance increases.

Wool with silk, viscose

By adding viscose and silk to coarse wool, the cost of the material is reduced, it also becomes softer and more pleasant to the touch, looks better, and is easier to dye.
Adding viscose to fine wool, on the contrary, worsens its quality: softness and elasticity decrease, creasing increases.

Wool with cotton

By adding cotton, the wool fabric becomes more durable, but the appearance deteriorates, and it also wrinkles more and is more likely to shrink. The cost of the canvas is also significantly reduced.

By weave type

The properties of the fabric depend not only on the type of raw material used, but also on the method of weaving the threads. The following classification of dress fabrics is based on their division according to this criterion.

Simple (smooth)

Linen

They are used to make sheath dresses that will look appropriate on business meeting, and at a party (especially if you choose accessories). This material does not require complex styles, as it is very original in itself.
Evening jacquard dresses can be of any length and style: floor-length, fitted, A-line, with or without sleeves. Luxurious wedding dresses are made in combination with and from.

Complex

Pile

They consist of several systems of threads (two warps and one or two wefts), which form a one-and-a-half or two-layer weave. Dress fabrics of this type include pile fabrics. On the surface of such fabrics, piles of varying lengths are formed.

Pile fabrics (, , ) are soft, stretch well, wear-resistant, pleasant to the body, and “breathe”. For their production, they mainly use viscose and cotton and sew festive and stage dresses from them.

Openwork

Openwork dress fabrics are extremely beautiful and are used to make elegant dresses. In recent years, everyday openwork items have also become popular. They go well with all other types of fabrics, especially cotton and mesh.

Care

In many ways, the rules for caring for dresses depend on the raw materials used in the production of the fabric. In order not to spoil the item, you need to familiarize yourself with the composition and recommendations indicated on the label. Some items cannot be washed at all - they should be dry cleaned. The main thing that should be observed when washing is the temperature regime:

• linen dyed dresses are washed at a water temperature of no higher than 30 degrees;
• unpainted - at any temperature;
• cotton - depending on density;
• It is better to wash viscose ones at 30 degrees.

Special attention and careful care deserve openwork and thin dresses made of silk, chiffon, fine wool and satin. Delicate recommended handwash V warm water and the use of liquid detergents.

Such items should be stored separately from the rest, preferably in special cases, since if they come into contact with zippers, buttons or rhinestones, snags can easily form on them.

Thanks to modern technologies The range of dress fabrics is so wide that it allows you to choose a material that is beautiful and original in texture, which is suitable for any occasion, and at the same time will not necessarily be expensive.