In order to feel comfortable at low temperatures, you need to dress according to the rules of the layer concept. Layer-by-layer concept - includes three layers of clothing: the first - thermal underwear, the insulating second layer, and the last, third - protective, that is, an outer winter fishing suit.
Today we'll talk about the first two layers. The main thing is to always remember that it is not the amount of clothing that provides reliable thermal protection, but its correct selection! The body of a person engaged in active recreation, including fishing, works intensively during his favorite activity. The fisherman needs to get to the fishing spot, often for this he has to use public transport, on a pond, in deep snow, reach the fishing spot, drill a large number of holes in the ice during fishing and, of course, return home. In this case, a large amount of energy is expended with the release of moisture - sweat. Moisture prevents heat retention in clothing, so all layers of clothing should not absorb and retain it, but quickly release it out into the atmosphere. Oddly enough, only synthetics can handle this well. Natural materials: cotton and wool absorb moisture well, but they also “part with it” very reluctantly.
THERMAL UNDERWEAR
First layer of clothing- thermal underwear, must be worn on a naked body. The best solution is to put on thin thermal underwear first. 
The main purpose of thin underwear is to remove moisture from the human body as quickly as possible. Under no circumstances should you wear cotton underwear under thermal underwear! Such fabric will quickly become saturated with moisture: the angler will even feel hot while moving, but when he starts fishing while sitting on a fishing box, his activity will sharply decrease and he will immediately feel cold, even with slight frost. Then, over thin thermal underwear, thick ones are put on. As already mentioned, for people with high physical activity, this layer of clothing is made only from synthetic fibers. In mild frost, you can limit yourself to only one thin or thick thermal underwear. All this depends on the individual characteristics of the fisherman. In any case, if the angler sweats, then within a very short time, excess moisture will be removed from the body into the outer layers of clothing, and then into the atmosphere. The skin and thermal underwear will remain dry, and heat will continue to accumulate in the clothes.
With less active physical activity, natural materials can be introduced into the fabric, and with very low activity, in the composition of thermal underwear, the wool content can reach up to 100%. But, such thermal underwear is only suitable for older people who are usually inactive outdoors.
The RYBOLOV-SERVICE company's assortment includes a wide range of thermal underwear and insulated clothing. This clothing is made of polyester and is recommended for leisure activities ranging from low to high. It “breathes” well, removes moisture from the body, accumulates heat, is comfortable to wear and can be machine washed in a gentle cycle.
Thermal underwear is one of the main elements in clothing for sports and outdoor activities, designed to control your heat exchange. How comfortable you will be during sports, and therefore what results you can achieve, largely depends on how well the thermal underwear is selected.
Together with an AlpIndustry expert Yura Serebryakov Let's figure out how to choose thermal underwear that suits your conditions.
The principle of layering in clothing
In clothing for sports and outdoor activities, it is customary to adhere to the principle of multi-layering or, in other words, the concept of three layers. Thermal underwear is the first, base layer and is designed to control heat transfer. Thermal underwear should fit snugly to the body (it is often called a second skin) to ensure proper thermoregulation, but at the same time not squeeze muscles or restrict movement. After thermal underwear comes a second, middle layer of clothing designed to retain heat, for example, fleece or a down sweater. Then comes the third, outer layer, which also removes excess moisture, allows the body to breathe under clothing and protects from external influences, precipitation and wind. For example, a jacket with a Gore-Tex membrane.
In order for the equipment to work correctly and create comfortable conditions rather than cause inconvenience, you need to carefully select each layer and clearly understand for what tasks and conditions you are choosing clothing. Let's start by choosing a base.
What is thermal underwear and what is it intended for?
The main function of thermal underwear is to control heat transfer by removing moisture. When you sweat during intense movement, thermal underwear does not accumulate sweat, but removes excess moisture from the body and prevents you from “cooking” under your clothes. If you find yourself in cold conditions and/or not actively moving, thermal underwear can help keep you warm. It is this functionality that distinguishes specially designed thermal underwear from ordinary cotton and synthetic clothing.
For the manufacture of thermal underwear, technologically advanced synthetic fibers, high-quality soft wool, most often merino wool, or a combination of these materials are used. The cut of thermal underwear often involves combining materials with different composition, density and properties (ventilation, insulation, muscle support) in different areas.
Composition: thermal underwear made of wool, synthetics and combined materials
Wool, in general, has better thermal insulation properties than synthetics, but absorbs moisture more actively. During intense exercise (running, freeride), this will become a noticeable disadvantage: a person sweats a lot, thermal underwear absorbs a large amount of moisture, which does not have time to be removed and lingers in the clothes - the person begins to “cook” and experience discomfort. Therefore, for intense loads, it is preferable to choose synthetic thermal underwear that will properly remove moisture and control heat exchange, preventing overheating and hypothermia. If you are facing less intense loads, passive rest, being in very low temperatures, you are looking for thermal underwear for the city or get cold quickly, give preference to a base layer made of wool, with its good thermal insulation properties.
Please note that in some cases, wool thermal underwear can cause irritation, especially on sensitive children's skin. Therefore, we recommend that adults try on clothes before purchasing, and for children choose synthetic models.
Men's, women's and children's thermal underwear
In general, women's and men's thermal underwear do not differ much from each other. The cut of specialized women's models takes into account the characteristics of the female figure and, since girls usually get colder, has more insulated zones.
Synthetics are often used to make children's thermal underwear, because wool can cause discomfort to a child's sensitive skin. As a rule, the main task of children's thermal underwear is not to remove moisture, but to retain heat, so it is usually denser than “adult” models.
In general, thermal underwear models differ from each other in composition, compression properties, recommended temperature conditions and design features. When choosing, you should be guided by several points:
- Exercise intensity / high, medium or low activity
- Temperature Range
- Your individual cold tolerance
Temperature range of thermal underwear
As a rule, manufacturers indicate the recommended temperature regime and preferred types of activity in the name or description of the product. For example, the Swiss brand Odlo divides its thermal underwear models into several lines:
- Ultra-light thermal underwear from the Cool line is designed for the hottest weather
- Models marked Light are designed for summer sports; these are lightweight clothes made of thin fabric, the main task of which is to wick moisture away from the body
- Warm - insulated thermal underwear for cold weather and winter sports
- Models marked X-Warm are designed for the coldest temperatures
Choosing thermal underwear depending on activity and intensity of exercise
First of all, when choosing thermal underwear, you should focus on the degree of activity: whether it will be high, with intense constant loads (freeride, trail running), medium (mountain climbing, hiking) or low (walking in the city, fishing). The main task of thermal underwear for outdoor activities and sports is to control heat exchange by timely removing moisture from the body to prevent overheating or hypothermia. With low activity, sweating is less, so the main task of thermal underwear for passive recreation is to retain heat.
For low activity It is recommended to choose thermal underwear made of wool, for example, Bergans. It retains heat better than synthetics and does not lose its properties over time; it is well suited for everyday wear. It is also worth considering synthetic thermal underwear. Its advantages are density, good moisture removal and ease of care.
Thermal underwear for active recreation and sports can be divided into compression and non-compression. Due to compression, muscles are supported, blood circulation is stimulated - the muscles work correctly and are not overloaded. Such thermal underwear, as a rule, has a zonal design (X-Bionic, The North Face). Each zone of clothing is responsible for a specific process: improved moisture removal (under the arms and in the abdomen), enhanced heat retention (in the chest, lower back, shoulders), etc. At low activity, compression creates discomfort. Non-compression thermal underwear for high activity typically consists of synthetics (Odlo, Arcteryx, The North Face) or a synthetic/wool blend (Peak Performance) and performs better when you're moving. By the way, as a basic, universal thermal underwear (or, if you are buying thermal underwear for the first time), the Peak Performance model is almost an ideal option: in areas with increased sweating, synthetics are used with its good moisture-wicking properties, and in areas that freeze faster than others, wool is used with its ability to retain heat.
Generally, for hiking, trekking and mountaineering Thermal underwear of medium or high density is suitable, with good breathability and without compression. You can take two sets for the ascent: one for the ascent/assault, the second, more insulated, for a change at the base camp (or as a backup option). For winter mountaineering and high-altitude ascents, as well as for winter expeditions, you can consider Power Stretch thermal underwear: it is designed for low temperatures and can even be used as a middle layer.
For skiing, on prepared slopes or off-piste, as well as trail running and running training, you should choose compression thermal underwear. It will support the muscles and stimulate blood circulation, which is important during constant movement and intense exercise. High levels of moisture management and breathability are also important for these sports. Thermal underwear for winter sports, as a rule, has a zonal design - a combination of zones with insulation (for example, in the shoulders, chest and lower back), reinforcement (for example, in areas of increased wear, in the elbow area) and ventilation zones (in areas of increased sweating). Base layer for summer activities will have a lower density to speed up the removal of moisture from the body.
Manufacturers regularly develop models for specific sports: taking into account the specifics of the loads, their average intensity, as well as seasonality. However, choosing thermal underwear is a very individual process. It depends on your personal characteristics (how you tolerate the cold), your activity in a particular sport. For some, at -10°C in the city it’s cold even in Power Stretch thermal underwear and a down jacket; for others, a model with medium insulation will be enough for a harsh winter expedition. Some people prefer to have a separate set of thermal underwear for each type of activity, while others will choose 1-2 maximum universal sets for all occasions.
Thermal underwear options for skiing, off-piste and ski touring
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Thermal T-shirt Peak Performance Multi LS180 Universal model made of combined material. Suitable for both riding and passive use. Good price/quality ratio.
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Thermal long johns Peak Performance Multi SJ180
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The North Face Women's Thermal T-Shirt Hybrid Long Sleeve Crew Neck Universal model. Optimal fit, light compression and maximum breathability.
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Warm, quick-drying polyester model. Under the arms there are inserts made of lighter and more breathable material.
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Women's thermal T-shirt Odlo X-Warm A good choice for those girls who value comfort and love warmth. Thanks to zoned fleece insulation you will not freeze on the lift. Thinner material is used in high-sweat areas to help keep you dry while you ride.
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Options for thermal underwear for mountaineering
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Arcteryx Phase AR Crew LS Men's Thermal T-Shirt A good option as a basic kit for climbing in less extreme conditions. Thermal underwear is medium-density, optimally removes moisture and effectively maintains the correct temperature balance.
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Arcteryx RHO AR Zip Neck Men's Thermal T-Shirt Medium-density thermal underwear made from technological Polartec® Power Stretch® fleece. Elastic, anatomical shape and with good moisture removal properties. And the signature laconic design and unique color from Arc"teryx.
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Elastic thermal T-shirt for the winter season.
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Thermal underwear options for trail running
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Arcteryx Phase SL Crew LS Men's Thermal T-Shirt Thermal underwear made of light, thin synthetic fabric. Provides maximum breathability. Very elastic, does not hinder movements.
Let's start with a trivial piece of advice that we all often neglect - follow the manufacturer's recommendations. They can usually be found on a sewn-in tag on the garment or in the included instructions, as well as on the brand’s website. There are also some general rules for caring for thermal underwear. The base layer is in contact with the skin, actively absorbs sweat and odors and therefore requires regular care: |
Today, only the “lazy” do not produce thermal underwear. The most interesting question is how this set of underwear made of thin material costs from 1 to 15 thousand rubles. can provide a comfortable stay for a person in any weather and any situation? If the packaging says “-5C...-30C”, this doesn’t mean that you can be outside only in this thermal underwear at this temperature!? How can manufacturers take into account what else a person wears as a 2-3-4 layer in order to claim such temperature characteristics?
Thermal underwear includes socks, long johns, T-shirts with long and short sleeves, and a balaclava. Modern thermal underwear has already been appreciated by people whose professional activities or hobbies involve everyday exposure to nature during the cold period. These specialists will not give bad advice.
First, a little theory.
Good thermal underwear performs two important functions: quickly removes sweat and retains heat.
Sweat removal occurs due to the structure of synthetic fibers and the structure of the fabric. Moisture removal by canvases is based on the capillary effect. Sweat passes through the synthetic fabric and does not linger in it. Then it either evaporates or is absorbed into the layer of outerwear. It is necessary to understand that underwear does not warm, but only retains the heat that a person gives off. Wool retains heat best, followed by cotton and viscose, then synthetics. Fleece or micro-brushed synthetic fabric is almost equivalent in quality to a thinner layer of wool. You cannot judge the performance of thermal underwear by first impression.
There are several classifications of thermal underwear, but I like the following two:
1. By composition:
- completely synthetic (propylpropylene, polyamide, polyester, elastane, artificial cellulose fibers and their combinations). Polypropylene wicks away moisture and is durable, while polyester adds strength to the product. Such synthetics dry quickly even on the body, do not form unnecessary folds, and are easy to care for.
- completely natural (Merino sheep wool, camel wool, cashmere, cotton, natural silk and combinations thereof)
- mixed synthetic fibers with natural ones in various proportions. Some people think this option is optimal. because the positive properties of two different materials are combined. But the percentage is important here.
2. By type of use:
- statics (winter fishing, slow hunting, some types of work in geodesy, construction, etc.)
- dynamics (all active sports, almost all tourism, running hunting, city and suburbs with minor reservations)
- mixed activity. This is a stumbling block for many. If it’s a big minus outside, then beginners use the thickest and warmest thermal underwear made of microfleece or wool, forgetting that when moving, all the layers may not cope with the body’s heat loss, and that’s when “little hell” begins.
My main requirements for thermal underwear: to be comfortable in it, the material is pleasant to the skin, tags and seams never make themselves felt. It is also very good when the manufacturer makes a large size chart so that everyone can choose the right size for themselves.
(I inserted screenshots of websites, because in the modern world, customer care begins with the Internet)
What do 35 thermal underwear manufacturers offer us (in alphabetical order)?
1. Accapi
Accapi - thermal underwear from the Italian company Vegas Spa, offers comprehensive body protection for various types of activity. All models are produced in our own factory in Italy. In 2008, the company purchased modern production lines, and new technologies made it possible to expand the product line and qualitatively rework existing models. Accapi sponsors various athletes in road cycling, motorcycle racing, athletics, and alpine skiing.
Thermal underwear is presented in several lines:
- Dynamic. This line of thermal underwear was developed by Accapi specialists to provide increased and long-lasting comfort for all types of sports activities that require good thermoregulation and breathability. Suitable for both harsh climates and off-season. Indispensable in cases of high sweating. Composition - 95% polyamide, 5% elastane
- Emphasis. Special seamless thermal underwear made of high-compression fabric. Designed for high activity, it contains a large amount of polypropylene, excellently removes moisture from the surface of the skin, even with very heavy sweating. Composition - 73% polypropylene, 21% polyamide, 6% elastane.
- Sinergy. Thermal underwear using Equilibrium technology (EQT). Thanks to the knitting zones of different density, it provides compression and helps with muscle work, allows you to quickly remove lactic acid, increasing endurance. Composition - 100% wool, 93% polyamide, 5% elastane, 2% polypropylene.
- Ergorasing. The line is designed to protect muscles and joints and create a highly effective shell. Ideal for sports that require reliable protection from the cold, as well as strong elastic support for muscles and joints. Composition - 58% polyester, 40% polyamide, 2% elastane.
- Merino Wool. Thermal underwear containing natural merino sheep wool for maximum insulation, thermoregulation and moisture management. Composition - 100% wool.
- Polar Bear. Ergonomic thermal underwear. The advantage of this series is its hollow threads, whose structure resembles bear fur. Thanks to the hollow structure, air chambers are created to retain heat. Especially recommended for very cold climates, it maintains a constant body temperature. Composition - 47% polyester, 46% polyamide, 7% elastane.
- Tecnosoft. Tecnosoft Plus EVO is a thick two-layer thermal underwear for cold weather. The smooth outer layer is highly wear-resistant, while the inner fleecy layer protects the skin from heat loss. Composition - 100% polyester.
- X-country. Thermal underwear is specifically designed for disciplines that involve cyclic aerobic exercise, such as skiing and hiking. This is a seamless, very elastic thermal underwear that does not restrict movement in any extreme situations in sports disciplines. The second layer of thermal underwear, in contact with the skin, transports moisture from the inside to the outside. Composition - 73% polypropylene, 21% polyamide, 6% elastane.
- Skintech - a multifunctional and high-tech line. Universal elastic sports thermal underwear. Composition - 46% polypropylene, 46% polyamide, 8% elastane.
- Carreza. A series of thermal underwear containing natural merino sheep wool for maximum insulation, thermoregulation and moisture removal. Composition - 90% wool, 10% silk.
Total 10 elements for men and women. The advantages include the availability of thermal underwear of this brand (for example, KANT or Alpindustriya) with prices from 2.0 to 13.0 thousand rubles.
2. Arcteryx
A fashionable Canadian brand that can outfit any hiker and climber inside and out. ArcTeryx was founded by David Lane in 1989 in Vancouver, Canada. Initially, it was located in the basement of one of the Vancouver houses and was called “Rock Solid”. Lane's first product was climbing pavilions, which immediately aroused extreme interest among climbing enthusiasts and then popularity. Currently, Arc'Teryx has a number of branches in New Zealand, Australia, Vietnam and China.
Now a few words about thermal underwear (base layer). These are 6 long johns, 10 sweatshirts (T-shirts) and 1 briefs (all men's, but there are also women's).
For cold weather, the following models are recommended: long-sleeve T-shirt Phase SV Zip Neck LS (with zipper) and Phase SV Crew LS (without zipper for 4.0 thousand rubles) with 1 layer of 87% polyester and 13% polypropylene, and 2 layer of 92% polyester, 8% polypropylene and similar bottom; top Rho AR Zip Neck (6.6-7.9 thousand rubles) and bottom Rho AR Bottom (4.7-7.0 thousand rubles) their Polartec Power Stretch 90% polyester and 10% elastane.
“Medium weight” underwear: long sleeve T-shirts (with and without zip): Rho LTW Zip Neck (95% Merino wool, 5% elastane), Rho LT Zip Neck (84% polyester and 16% elastane + Polygiene), two-layer Phase AR Zip Neck LS and Phase AR Crew LS (3.2 thousand rubles), Phase AR Bottom long johns for 2.4 thousand rubles.
"Light" thermal underwear: T-shirts Phase SL Zip Neck LS, Phase SL Crew LS (2.7-3.1 thousand rubles) and Phase SL Crew SS made of 70% polyester and 30% polypropylene, Phase SL Bottom coulsons (2.4 thousand rubles) and Phase SL Boxer Short briefs (1.9 thousand rubles).
Almost all products are available in 3-4 colors (red, black, blue, grey). You can buy for rubles in Alpinindustry and Sportsmarathon. 
3. Avi-outdoor
Finnish premium thermal underwear for professionals and amateurs. Merino wool, BioCotton, Coolmax, Termolite - all these modern materials and technologies are used in NordKapp thermal underwear. Thermal underwear is designed for high activity in cold weather conditions, which allows it to be used in winter sports and recreation. European production, anatomically correct cut, flat seams, comfort to wear, the use of technological materials - this is what distinguishes the thermal underwear of the NordKapp brand. Online store.
A special feature of the NordKapp brand is the use of Nanosilver antibacterial treatment. The peculiarity is that the composition is not simply applied to the top layer, but nano-particles are embedded in the polymer structure and therefore silver ions are not washed out during washing.
The collection includes models for sports, recreation, fishing and hunting. There are models for women and children. Very affordable prices (more details in part 3 of the review).
These are single-layer and two-layer sets (top+bottom): Thermolite (46% Thermolite, 52% polypropylene, 2% Nanosilver), First Layer (75% polypropylene, 19% polyester, 4% lycra, 2% Nanosilver), Merino Wool (64 % Merino Wool, 34% Sanlite, 2% Nanosilver), Merino Wool Second Layer (65% Merino Wool, 25% polyflame, 10% polypropylene), Double Layer (42% BioCotton, 40% Polyacrilyc, 12% polypropylene, 2% Nanosilver ), Double Layer Wool (60% Merino Wool, 40% Cashmere), Double Layer Thermolite (46% Thermolite, 52% polypropylene, 2% Nanosilver), Double Layer Merino Wool, as well as 4 children's models and a pair of balaclavas.
For reference: Thermolite is a product of DuPont Invista, and Nanosilver is simply nanosilver. It's clear?) 
4. Baskcompany
The Russian brand Baskcompany offers amateurs and professionals its line of thermal underwear.
The company produces many types of warm, summer and universal thermal underwear, varying in thermal insulation properties, composition, weaving method and area of application. Thermal underwear made from elastic Polartec Power Stretch Pro fabrics and fabrics produced by the Italian brand Pontetorto, as well as natural fabrics from 100% merino wool produced by the New Zealand company Mapp. Thermal underwear from NPF BASK covers the entire temperature range.
Linen is divided into groups according to the materials used:
- Merino Wool MAPP: 3 long-sleeved T-shirts (2.8-5.2 thousand rubles) and 3 models of long johns for men and women (2.7-3.6 thousand rubles), as well as one beanie for 1.0 thousand rubles All in one black color. The most expensive model MERINO TECH MJ has two layers - wool on the inside and synthetic on the outside.
- Polartec Power Stretch: 7 men's and women's models of long-sleeve T-shirts (2.8-4.0 thousand rubles), 5 underpants, 1 jumpsuit without sleeves for 5.5 thousand rubles. and 1 children's set (sizes 34-36-38) worth 3.4 thousand rubles. For example, a warm women's set T-SKIN LADY in red will cost 5.6 thousand rubles, but there are other colors.
- Polartec PowerDry: 3 T-shirts with long sleeves (1.8-2.0 thousand rubles) and 2 T-shirts with short sleeves (1.2 thousand rubles), 4 models of long johns and 2 models of shorts (pants) costing from 850 to 2 .0 thousand rub.
- Polypropylene: 3 sets of seamless thermal underwear costing from 1.7 to 2.5 thousand rubles. The fabric contains Spandex fibers, so it stretches better and fits the body.
- TORAY Fielsensor: 3 T-shirts, 2 models of long johns and shorts costing from 450 to 650 rubles.
Everything is as it should be - no cotton, anatomical cut and flat seams.
Sometimes you can see the name HRT. This is a new brand of goods for outdoor activities and hunting. Stands for High Russian Technologies - “High Russian Technologies”. 
5. Bergans
Bergans is a world leader in the production of everything that can be considered technologically advanced camping equipment and technically advanced clothing. The Norwegian company does not look for easy ways and is very respected in Europe. Bergans does not have the cheapest thermal underwear, which is made from merino wool or its mixture with polyester.
The assortment (base layer) for men and women includes 7 briefs, 20 long sleeve T-shirts, 3 women's tops, 6 short sleeve T-shirts and 12 long johns.
Let's look at the sets consisting of long-sleeve T-shirts and long johns:
- Akeleie for 6.3 thousand rubles from 80% Merino Wool and 20% Polyester + inside 100% Polyester;
- Svartull (320 g/m², 9.4 thousand rubles), Krekling (260 g/m², 6.0 thousand rubles), Fjellrapp (210 g/m², 7.0 thousand rubles) and Soleie (150 g /m², 5.2 thousand rubles) from 100% Merino Wool. There are models with and without zippers.
The brand is solid, the products are bright, attractive and quite accessible in well-known sports stores. You can buy it in the online store. 
6. Bodydry
Thermal underwear for professional athletes, rescuers and people leading an active lifestyle. The Himal Sport company began producing products under its own BodyDry brand in 2001 together with the Polish Institute of Textile Industry and Technology, which develops high-tech materials for professional climbers. The main tester and idea generator of the company is Krzysztof Wielicki, the fifth person in the world to conquer all 14 eight-thousanders on the planet.
Thermal underwear is available for both men and women in various colors.
SOFT series for three-season use (temperature: from -5 to +25). Made using seamless technology. Maintains optimal body temperature, providing comfort at any temperature. High functionality, exceptional elasticity, perfect fit. Prices in the Russian Federation from 900 (shorts) to 2.0 thousand rubles (long sleeve T-shirt).
The BASIC series is intended for the autumn-spring period (temperature: from +10 to -10). Composition: 48% polyamide, 52% polyester. The material leaves a pleasant feeling of lightness on the skin, providing comfort both during exercise and during daily wear. Prices from 1.2 to 2.2 thousand rubles
The PRO series is intended for the autumn-winter period (temperature: from +10 to -25). Composition of two layers: 46% polypropylene, 46% polyamide, 6% elastane. The underwear anatomically corresponds to the human muscular system. High functionality of the underwear, exceptional elasticity and anatomical properties. There are special 3D zones that are responsible for optimal muscle mobility, controlling their support and improving blood circulation. The linen retains its shape even after prolonged use. Hypoallergenic and antibacterial (silver ions). Prices from 1.3 to 3.1 thousand rubles (T-shirt with a zipper). There is a wide range of products in this series.
You can look it up in the catalogue. 
7. Brubeck
Another Polish manufacturer. The Brubeck brand is a leader on the Polish thermal clothing market. They design and produce thermal underwear for sports (ACTIVE line), as well as cotton and wool seamless underwear (COMFORT line). For 9 years they have been specializing in ensuring proper thermoregulation of the body and creating effective protection for the body from adverse weather conditions. Production is carried out using modern Italian equipment by the Polish factory "FILATI" based on Swiss technology.
The catalog contains 25 products for men, women and children costing from 340 rubles to 4.3 thousand rubles. For example, a men's Thermo blouse with long sleeves for 1.7 thousand rubles. made using seamless technology and has two layers: an inner layer of polypropylene quickly absorbs moisture from the surface of the skin, and an outer layer of polyamide, responsible for thermal insulation and maintaining optimal body temperature, preventing body cooling. And a men's blouse Soft Merino for 3.5 thousand rubles. is a thick two-layer knitwear for extremely cold weather conditions and has the following composition - 36% viscose, 32% wool, 30% polypropylene, 2% elastane.
You can buy Brubeck products at affordable prices in the Russian online store. Interesting manufacturer. 
8. Columbia
A brand of outdoor clothing for active recreation and sports available in the Russian Federation could not ignore such a pressing topic as thermal underwear.
For men there are three models of long johns and four models of jumpers. For women, three models of jumpers (sweatshirts) and long johns. Prices from 2.0 to 3.8 thousand rubles.
Men's Extreme Tight Long Johns and Extreme LS Half Zip Jumper are Columbia's warmest thermal underwear set. In areas that require maximum thermoregulation, Omni-Heat technology is used, and in areas that require maximum moisture removal from the body, Omni-Wick technology is used. The cost of this kit is 7.0 thousand rubles.
And here’s what’s interesting: Columbia thermal underwear is available, but you rarely see it on the Sportmaster network. 
9. Comazo
Comazo is the name of a German company that has been producing underwear since 1884. Since 1993, the production of some products has been located in Tikhvin, so let's go straight to nanotechnology: “SILVER impregnation. The latest achievement of science is nanotechnology in giving textile materials special properties. The peculiarity of this impregnation is that there is no (including chemical) contact with human skin. Which completely removes the question of the potential harm of impregnation for the skin. Moreover, the antibacterial properties are not based on the action of chemicals. A microlattice of silver ions is formed on the surface of the fabric, which destroys bacteria with a static discharge - nanolightning. This impregnation has a pronounced antibacterial effect and protects against unpleasant odors." Even so.
There are three lines of thermal underwear: yellow (from 0 to -20C), orange (from 0 to -25C) and red (from 0 to -35C). The lines consist of 11 series (sets - top and bottom), distinguished by different compositions of linen and having different properties.
Let's focus on men's underwear, which is offered by the company's online store. The collection includes 9 T-shirts with long and short sleeves costing from 300 to 950 rubles, 2 models of long johns for 600 and 900 rubles, 11 panties for 100-300 rubles, 12 shorts. The warmest series 814 consists of a two-layer T-shirt and long johns with the composition: 55% polyester, 45% wool, terry cloth inside. Comazo even has flame retardant underwear made from meta-aramids, flame retardant viscose and modacrylic. 
10.Craft(world)
Craft is a Swedish company with many years of experience. The entire rich range of thermal underwear is presented in three lines (six collections):
- Cool. The collection provides superior cooling effect and a 3-dimensional ergonomic cut for freedom of movement during warm to hot weather workouts. Several models of shirts, T-shirts and shorts made of 100% polyester costing from 1.5 thousand rubles.
- ACTIVE EXTREME. The underwear is made of thin, light and elastic material (100% polyester), keeping the body dry and fresh in complete comfort, both in warm and cool weather. Ergonomic 3D cut provides complete freedom of movement. For men, there are two models of long johns (1.8-2.0 thousand rubles), three shirts (2.0-2.8 thousand rubles), one T-shirt and briefs. Drying time 6 minutes.. Here's what he thinks about his kit survivalpanda
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- ACTIVE. The legendary line of functional underwear provides moisture transport during long workouts, competitions, and everyday use. Drying time 11 minutes. Mechanical stretching of fabric by 300%. Two men's shirts, one long johns and a T-shirt from 1.8 to 2.6 thousand rubles. There is 1 women's set.
- WINDSTOPPER. The optimal combination of functional fabrics and Windstopper membrane provide maximum comfort during training in cool and windy weather. One set each for men and women for 7.4 and 7.1 thousand rubles, one shorts and a top.
- WARM. The Warm collection is highly functional clothing designed for intense physical activity on cold winter days. A special seamless three-dimensional zonal knitting technology is used. Hollow, air-filled fibers are responsible for retaining heat, while zones of varying density and texture control temperature in different areas of the body. Four models of men's long johns (2.1-2.5 thousand rubles) and four long-sleeved shirts (3.1-6.5 thousand rubles) in three colors made of wool and its combination with synthetics. That's .
- Multi. High-quality polyester transports moisture from the skin to the next level, keeping your body dry and comfortable during physical activity. The uniqueness of Craft MULTI men's thermal underwear is that it is ideal not only for sports training, but also for going out of town, into nature during the cold season, as well as for hunting or fishing. Two sets each for men (1.7-2.8 thousand rubles) and women (1.6-3.0 thousand rubles): Multi active color and Multi warm.
The only downside is that the site is not the most successful. As for the rest, everything is at the highest level. Large size chart (from the autumn/winter catalog): 7 sizes for men (for heights from 172 to 196 cm), 7 for women (from 164 to 182 cm), 4 for children (74-116 cm) and 4 for juniors ( 122-164 cm). In its products, Craft uses VentAir and VentAir Wind membranes, ADVANSA Thermo Cool fabric with Duoregulation fiber technology, Lycra Sport and Lycra Sport Energy fabric, Windstopper, etc. In total, 18 types of fabrics were used for the first layer alone... 
11. Glissade
Economical thermal underwear from the Glissade brand should appeal to both adults and children.
There are several lines:
1. Ergonomic Seamless. Seamless high-tech thermal underwear recommended for intense sports. The products use a combination of different weaves to provide superior thermoregulation, muscle support and joint protection where needed. Tactel technology is used - a high-tech polyamide microfiber developed by DuPont. There is one black jumper for 3.0 thousand rubles. Made from 93% polyamide and 7% spandex.
2. Light. Technological thermal underwear recommended for intense sports in cold weather. Thanks to the use of synthetic fibers, the products are comfortable to use, quickly remove moisture from the body and provide excellent thermoregulation. One set for 600 rub. made from 100% polyester.
3. Extra Light. Lightweight, technical thermal underwear for intense sports in cold weather. Set for 400 rub. made from 100% polyester.
4. Active. High-tech thermal underwear for cold weather. Thanks to the use of synthetic material with an internal fleecy layer, the products quickly remove moisture from the body and have good thermal insulation properties. One set for 1.1 thousand rubles. made from 100% polyester.
5. Cotton Dry. Technological thermal underwear made using cotton. The base layer has good heat-insulating and moisture-wicking properties. One set for 950 rub. 47% cotton, 47% polyester, 6% spandex.
6. Comfort. Technological thermal underwear recommended for sports with moderate intensity loads in cold weather. Jumper for 2.2 thousand rubles. Made from 92% polyester and 8% spandex.
7. Merino Wool. Technological thermal underwear with high thermal insulation properties. There are two sets: for 1.4 and 3.0 thousand rubles. made from 81% polyester and 19% wool.
I have their old model made of 30% wool and 70% polyester, but I’m afraid that these long johns won’t last long.
Glissade thermal underwear is sold in the Sportmaster chain stores and is made in China. 
12. Guahoo
A very well-known Finnish manufacturer of thermal underwear, outerwear and accessories for everyday use and high performance. I don’t know the exact history of the brand, but it is known for certain that it appeared in Russia in 2003. It even has its own LiveJournal page - guahoo_ru
. Here is the online store.
The catalog on the Russian website presents 4 series of thermal underwear:
- Everyday series for everyday use in cool and cold weather (Light, Mid-Weight and Heavy lines). Materials used: EnerUp Bamboo Charcoal, EnerUp Hollow Fiber, viloft, Softwarm, cotton, acrylic, nylon, spandex. A total of 23 sweatshirts for men and women from 900 to 3.0 thousand rubles, 9 men's underpants and 12 women's pantaloons, 8 panties.
- the Outdoor series is designed for moderate physical activity in cold and very cold weather. Ideal for people who love hunting, fishing, camping and hiking. Materials used: CoolDry polyester, cotton, merino wool, acrylic, polyamide. A total of 16 sweatshirts and 16 long johns (pantaloons) costing from 900 to 2.4 thousand rubles.
- Sport series. The series includes multi-zone thermal underwear that fits tightly to the body, like a “second skin” and does not restrict movement. Materials used: Meryl Skilife polyamide, nylon, spandex, polyester, Nilit Aquarius polyamide. Six sets of different colors for men and women.
- Kids series. 7 children's kits for any activity in nature.
- Laplandic series. 10 sets for very cold weather and various types of physical activity.
Large size chart: 8 sizes for men (height from 173 to 197 cm) and 8 for women (height from 161 to 179 cm), 6 children's sizes. 
13. Icebreaker
The New Zealand company Icebreaker has been specializing in the production of thermal underwear made from Merino wool since 1994. These comrades “ate” more than one sheep in this matter... gee-gee.
Merino wool comes from a special breed of sheep that is only raised in New Zealand. Products made from the wool of these sheep have excellent breathability and the ability to withstand cold.
Icebreaker has divided all clothing into the following lines: Ultralight (150 g/m2), SKIN200 (200 g/m2), BODYFIT260 (260 g/m2), SPORT (320 g/m2). The lines differ in the number of weaving threads, and therefore in the thickness of the product. Each layer can be worn separately, and at the same time, when combined with several lines - at the same time, like multi-layered clothing, allowing you to withstand temperature fluctuations.
The collection of underwear for men consists of 7 T-shirts with long and short sleeves, 12 shorts, 1 long johns.
As a base layer, 30 models of long-sleeve T-shirts and 14 models of long johns are offered, costing from 2.0 to 5.0 thousand rubles.
Since August 2008, each Icebreaker Merino product has its own BAACODE, according to which on a special website you can track where and how the wool of this batch was obtained. 
14.Izas
A rare "beast" in sports stores in Russia. Next year this Spanish brand will turn 25 years old. Congratulations, or something)
The following Thermal models are available for climbers:
- sets DIANA (for 3.2 thousand rubles from 92% polyamide and 8% elastane) and BARBEAU (for 1.8 thousand rubles from 100% polyester);
- T-shirts with long sleeves FINLAND, STUBEN, ANAGA and NELION for 800 rubles;
- SEEFELD pants for 1.6 thousand rubles. made from 95% polyamide and 5% elastane.
Plus 13 models of jackets with and without zippers from POLAR STRETCH costing from 1.8 to 3.8 thousand rubles.
There are several models with DRY technology for runners and cyclists, but let's not consider this thermal underwear.
By the way, yes, their website is still glitchy, so be patient while searching for the product you need. 
15. Jahti Jakt
Finnish manufacturer of hunting clothing, shoes and equipment since the 1980s. That's why I like Scandinavian manufacturers, it's the laconicism of their clothes and reasonable experience of use.
Some informative information from the site: “Ordinary underwear gets wet when sweating, causing the thermal insulation properties to deteriorate. And it’s just unpleasant. Thermal underwear is free of this flaw: the fabric from which the thermal underwear is made consists of at least two layers, one of which serves removes moisture from the outer surface of clothing. Therefore, thermal underwear always remains dry and pleasant on the body."
Jahti Jakt offers one T-shirt in three camouflage colors for 1.7 thousand rubles. with "SCENTECH" lining (silver particles in threads) and eight sets from 2.0 to 5.5 thousand rubles. (100% Polyester) 
16. Janus
The Janus brand was founded in 1895 in Norway and is one of the leading manufacturers of wool clothing in Europe. Australian merino sheep wool is used in clothing production. Wool is obtained only from the animal's shirtfront, where it is longer and has more curls, which means it is more delicate and holds heat better. The purest water and safe dyes that have passed rigorous testing are used to dye wool.
There are four collections for men: Design Wool, Black Wool, SummerWool and Seamless.
The new JanusPro series includes four collections: Antiflame Regular Wool from 50% merino and 50% ProtexM; Antiflame Extra made from 80% merino and 20% ProtexM; Antiflame Plus made from 85% merino and 15% ProtexM; Antiflame Regular Cotton made from 60% ProtexM and 40% cotton.
In Russia there is a branded online store and another good store.
A proven brand with good prices, rich traditions and positive reviews. 
17. Liod
Italian thermal underwear of LUX class. Let's see what the brand is.
In 1992, Lorain snc changed the direction of its main activity, registered its own LIOD brand and transformed itself directly into a manufacturing company of technical materials, began developing its own models of technical sportswear, including thermal underwear.
"LIOD thermal underwear is made of 100% exclusive modified polypropylene, which is warmer than wool, lighter than water, with the most effective moisture removal, bacteriostatic, the most reliable and easy to care for (5 year guarantee), super versatile, with the widest range of comfortable temperatures from +20C up to -60C (with appropriate outerwear), suitable for any activity level."
The company's assortment includes 25 men's thermal underwear models for mountaineering, hiking, hunting, and fishing, costing from 1.3 (underpants) to 6.5 (overalls) thousand rubles.
Long sleeve T-shirts: Buria (3.7 thousand rubles), Kearsage (3.4 thousand rubles), Frassino (3.3 thousand rubles), Brezza (2.9 thousand rubles).
T-shirts with short sleeves: Abaska (2.8 thousand rubles), Betulla (2.9 thousand rubles), Kunge and Cila (2.5 thousand rubles), Iskra (2.2 thousand rubles).
Long johns: Tamu (2.8 thousand rubles), Gripp and Sukoi (2.5 thousand rubles). 
(because everything didn’t fit)
Thermoregulation is the body's ability to maintain body temperature within certain limits, regardless of the external temperature. If we are cold, then the body, due to the biochemical processes occurring in it, tends to increase the temperature, and if we are hot, then, on the contrary, to cool it down.
Thermoregulation is one of the processes of homeostasis, a dynamic state of equilibrium between the internal environment of the body and its external, often aggressive, environment. In relation to body temperature, homeostasis is an example of negative feedback. Our body, having received a signal about hypothermia or overheating, immediately tries to change the direction vector of the process to the exact opposite.
It turns out to be a kind of “swing” - the more we overcool or, conversely, overheat, the faster the body must change the vector of the direction of the process and the more intense the biochemical changes in it must be.
As with any complex system, there are always problems. In our case, we even have two of them.
The first is that the intensity of shifts aimed at maintaining homeostasis is limited by the development potential of man as a species, and is aggravated by bugs, both evolutionary and acquired by the individual during his mortal life.
Man is generally a thermophilic creature, adapted for life in the tropical zone. Its spread on the planet was facilitated by the taming of fire and the ability to make competent clothing. And still they settled in only on the nth attempt. And evolutionary development took place for millions of years in warm Africa, where the modern appearance and biochemical tools of thermal homeostasis based on the monkey were formed. Well, or divine - for adherents of the corresponding theory. The result is still the same.
Among the Eskimos, Chukchi and other peoples, however, a significant adaptation to the harsh northern climate was observed within the framework of evolutionary potential, but, alas, this almost does not concern us.
The second problem of the thermal homeostasis system is the ease of a person’s own efforts to create a “wrong” positive connection from a “correct” negative connection. In this case, the influence of the external environment increases. Examples include drinking alcohol “to warm up”, choosing the wrong clothes, quenching your thirst with snow in winter and ice-cold drinks in summer.
Under such conditions, the system has a destabilizing effect and homeostasis - self-regulation of the body - either does not occur as a process, or its effectiveness is insufficient. Thus, the impact of temperature factors on the body becomes threatening or critical.
When discussing thermoregulation and adaptability to temperatures, one should not identify people with animals. This is very wrong.
Despite the external anatomical proximity and the myths that come from God knows where about the similarity of this or that animal to humans by almost one hundred percent, absolutely each type of animal has its own biochemical world. And processes such as the same thermoregulation occur in each of them in their own way.
For example, sweating, which in humans is the main means of combating overheating and a powerful tool of homeostasis. But the same pig does not have the function of sweating in the body, although it would seem that it also has no hair.
During the course of evolution, each species of mammal has developed its own mechanism of thermoregulation, which can be carried out at the nervous and/or humoral level - through liquid media: blood, lymph, tissue fluid, etc. - activities, metabolism, energy metabolism and even the behavior of the animal. As a result, for each species we have a different body temperature and different temperature limits at which life is preserved. If the Arctic fox's temperature is constant and equal to +39, then in some species of bats it can range from -7.5 degrees to +48.5. Naturally, such variations require a radical difference in the processes and tools of thermoregulation.
The peoples of the Far North as an example of adaptability.
Having read the previous chapter, one should not assume that humans, as a species, have the same process of thermoregulation for all of their representatives. Evolution, even in the short period of human existence, has made it possible, depending on the region of residence, to change some of the internal biochemical characteristics of the aborigines.
For example, the indigenous inhabitants of polar latitudes are characterized by the following evolutionary adaptations:
High body density;
Relatively high musculoskeletal mass;
Strong skeleton with increased gamma globulin fraction of blood serum;
Developed immune system;
High ventilation capacity of the lungs;
Increased hemoglobin content in the blood;
High degree of fat oxidation;
High intensity of energy processes;
High stability of metabolic rate under any conditions;
Greater filling of body tissues with blood and its more intense circulation than in other representatives of the species;
Increased heat production;
Weak sensitivity of the skin of the hands and face to temperature stimuli;
Extremely low variability of adaptive adaptations and their high heredity.
As a result, we see significant differences from a “common” person, although the external differences are small.
And this leads to an important corollary:
The mixing of different peoples over time gives rise to some differences in thermoregulation even among modern urban residents.
Some freeze more, some less, some acclimatize perfectly to almost any conditions, while others are able to survive only at room temperature.
Thus, despite the fact that to a large extent we kill correct thermoregulation in ourselves - with our lifestyle, part of its processes is still genetically embedded in us.
Allen's rule and Bergman's rule.
Bergmann's Rule: Among similar forms of warm-blooded animals, the largest are those that live in colder climates.
The total heat production in warm-blooded species depends on the volume of the body, and the rate of heat transfer depends on its surface area. As size increases, the volume of a body grows faster than its surface.
Consequence: the larger a person, the more heat he produces during exercise and the less clothing he needs in this case.
Allen's Rule: Among related forms of warm-blooded animals that lead similar lifestyles, those that live in colder climates have relatively smaller protruding body parts.
Reducing the protruding parts of the body leads to a decrease in the relative surface of the body and helps to save heat.
Consequence: the shorter and more massive the arms and legs, the better they warm up. And vice versa - elongated limbs with long fingers are more susceptible to frostbite.
Both rules illustrate that each of us needs to choose clothes in accordance with our constitution and body characteristics. Universal solutions are universal because they are valid only in general, but not in particular. At the same level of training, a walker weighing 60 kg, with long legs, will freeze much more than his stocky companion weighing 90 kg.
Axioms of thermal underwear.
All of the above should now be reduced to the following two axioms that are important for us:
Axiom 1. Thermal underwear is a thermoregulation tool for us, allowing us to expand the body's capabilities and increase the stability of homeostasis.
Explanation: Properly selected thermal underwear will allow you to maintain a more constant body temperature. Subsequently, this will be expressed in energy saving by the body. Due to lower costs for thermoregulation, our adaptive capabilities will increase. The accumulation of cold fatigue will be delayed and endurance will increase, since to some extent it is related to the limit of body temperature at which overheating is felt - and the correct thermal underwear will allow some of the heat to be quickly transferred to the outer layers of clothing. Since we will become less cold at rest stops, we will begin to rest more effectively. Sleep will also be more calm and healthy.
As a result, having a relatively small impact on each element, on each component, we obtain a tangible total effect in relation to a long hike.
Axiom 2. All the advantages of thermal underwear are noticeable only if our body functions correctly in terms of thermoregulation. Otherwise, there will either be no effect, or it will appear insignificantly.
It is important. In the modern world, many thermoregulation tools in humans work with much less efficiency than what is inherent in nature. Injustice is associated both with the lifestyle to which the body adapts and hides unnecessary tools away, and with the state of health.
That is, thermal underwear is a secondary factor, not a primary one. First of all, it is our body that must react correctly to changes in external temperature.
Layer system.
Ideologically, it is considered correct to be equipped with layers of clothing that are easy to change relative to each other, depending on the load and weather.
It is categorically wrong to try to fix the order of layers one after another and come up with a universal solution for any hikes in any region. Alas, in many cases you will have to select clothes individually for the route - and only experience will help here.
The standard approach involves three layers. The first is moisture-wicking, that is, thermal underwear. The second is insulation. The third is the membrane. The articles usually beautifully describe how it all works perfectly.
In practice, it turns out that in half of the trips the membrane is not needed at all, or is taken additionally as a windbreaker. The insulating layer from fleece, which is understandable in summer, loves to damnably stretch into a vague definition as the thermometer drops.
The principle itself, however, remains the only one in any case.
First, we need to remove moisture from the body, then warm the carcass - this same layer accumulates the moisture being removed. And finally, the body must be protected from wind, precipitation, midges and mechanically. In this case, moisture from the insulation should come out freely.
Based on this principle, below we will look at moisture-wicking and insulating thermal underwear, and in subsequent chapters, other clothing.
Thermal underwear of the first layer
Thermal underwear of the first layer is usually thin, tight-fitting underwear. Its main function is to remove moisture from the body. How simple it is to say, right? Withdraw. How does it take away?
With excessive physical activity, the body releases a lot of sweat and heat to the surface of the skin. The task of the first layer of thermal underwear is to absorb sweat as little as possible and not interfere with the passage of vapors through the layer of fabric. In this case, it actually “removes” moisture from the body and the body thus cools.
But there is a nuance associated with the peculiarities of human thermoregulation. If the outerwear is too thick, then in the area between the layers of clothing, with intense sweating, the temperature increases and, at the same time, the area is saturated with moisture. In this case, the surface of the skin becomes covered with profuse sweat, since the evaporation of moisture from its surface stops - just like in a bathhouse.
As a result, clothes, like thermal underwear, become simply wet, with all the ensuing consequences. And the consequences here are intense heat transfer from the body to the external environment almost directly and the subsequent risk of hypothermia, both general and local.
As a conclusion, clothing on the route should not be too warm for the given load conditions, plus excess heat must be released through ventilation or a slightly open zipper.
Thus, removing moisture from the body eliminates overheating and reduces the likelihood of subsequent hypothermia. That is, to exclude peak surges in the process of thermoregulation.
From the outside, a person and his environment are parts of a general system, which dictates some physical laws that they have to obey. In particular, one of these laws regulates the transfer of thermal energy from one object to another. As a rule, the environment is colder than the human body, and in order to achieve thermodynamic equilibrium, it is necessary to transfer excess heat to the environment and equalize the temperatures.
A person's clothing should try to correct this injustice. By itself, thin underwear can only reduce heat loss through convection, and even then only with a small temperature difference. But when combining thermal underwear of the first and second layers in harsh winters, the decrease in heat transfer intensity is quite large. The difference is especially noticeable when a person sweats a lot. At the same time, the thermal underwear of the first layer remains relatively dry - since it freely passes steam through itself, and the second, although being more humid, does not contact the skin and maintains thermoregulation until it is completely saturated with moisture. The tourist should avoid the latter at all costs by changing the load and outer clothing.
Basic principles for choosing thermal underwear for the first layer.
It is impossible and not necessary to understand the entire range of thermal underwear produced today, and indeed hiking clothing in general. It only makes sense to express the general principles that should be followed when choosing it.
Thermal underwear should be tight and fit to the body, like a second skin - otherwise moisture removal will be impaired.
Synthetics are definitely preferable to everything else.
A T-shirt for a walking route must have sleeves.
The option without a throat is preferable, since on multi-day trips a thick collar tends to rub the neck, especially if there are protruding moles or the like on it.
The weight of thermal underwear is also important. The spread is quite large - T-shirts of the same size range in weight from 90 to 300 grams.
Thermal underwear should not cause skin irritation. Otherwise, dilation of blood vessels in the allergy sites is possible, which will lead to increased heat transfer and failure of the thermoregulation system.
It is better to choose a T-shirt for use in conjunction with a second layer of thermal underwear or together with fleece and a jacket that is as thin and light as possible. For use instead of main clothing under a running jacket, and in hot weather without a jacket, it is better to take one that is slightly thicker and more wear-resistant.
For off-season pants, when only the first layer is used, it is better to take them a little warmer, and for summer or winter, under a set with a second layer, thinner ones.
Zone linen is preferable, although, as a rule, it lasts less, rubbing in places with less dense weaving.
Before purchasing thermal underwear, it is better to try on them first. Each manufacturer sews according to its own patterns. Different models also often have their own patterns, depending on the audience they are intended for. For example, it is difficult for me to choose thermal underwear for myself, since I am thin, and the appropriate size for my body often has narrow sleeves, into which my paws fit with great difficulty.
Pants should be selected with a high waist, and for men - always with an “anatomical” codpiece. You should not take a short T-shirt, but go for a long one.
Do not look at the stated temperature of use; it has nothing to do with the tourist under the backpack. If you look at the labels, then look for “for high loads”, “high activity” and the like.
Thermal underwear of the second layer
This underwear is made from different fabrics than the first layer and has a more “fluffy” structure. A stationary or low-moving heat-insulating layer of air is formed inside the fibers of the laundry. Due to this, such underwear warms much better than thin thermal underwear of the first layer. In the classic scheme that I described above, the thermal underwear of the second layer refers to the insulating layer.
At relatively low ambient temperatures and non-intensive physical activity, it is quite possible to use only thermal underwear of the second layer, worn on a naked body. It will continue to warm perfectly as long as it copes with the removal of moisture from the surface of the skin. But, due to its “fluffiness”, sooner or later it will get wet.
It should be taken into account that the laundry is usually not completely saturated with moisture, but zonally. That is, we walk, and it warms us, although we feel wet from sweat. But at a halt, we throw the backpack off our shoulders, and the wind immediately hits us. And why? Because there was no intermediate layer, not saturated with moisture, between the underwear and the skin. As a result, the water in it instantly, under the influence of the cold wind, cooled and came into contact with the hot body. The heat transfer increased by an order of magnitude, and the next day we were cramped - like “blown out”.
The same effect is observed when the outer layer does not have time to remove all the moisture out, regardless of the technological effectiveness of the linen and the presence of the “correct” layers. From the side of the backpack, moisture removal is in principle difficult, which obliges you to always insulate yourself with a down jacket when resting.
Thermal underwear of the second layer in cold conditions is used as a set - top and bottom, on top of moisture-wicking underwear. On the march, it can be worn as the only insulating layer, and possibly supplemented, depending on the weather, with, for example, a fleece or an insulated jacket.
In the warm off-season and summer, second-layer thermal underwear is often used as insulation for the upper body, mainly at camp. Warm pants for running insulation in the summer are usually not needed.
Basic principles for choosing thermal underwear of the second layer.
Isothermal overalls are less comfortable during active activities than a separate set, but retain heat better and are lighter in weight. It is preferable for multi-day winter hikes.
The isothermal should stretch. However, any thermal underwear of the second layer should stretch.
You should not use excessively “fluffy” fabrics like High Loft and the like under your backpack when hiking. It is difficult to dry due to its structure and it does not stretch.
Thermal underwear should fit tightly, but not restrict movement. Freedom of arm movement must be ensured. Branded and domestic products are often made from the same fabrics, but in terms of cut they differ like heaven and earth.
Weight is important, as always when hiking.
Do not try to buy the thickest thermal underwear, unless you are going on a trip to the Arctic.
In winter - two layers of thermal underwear or one?
What if you use only the first layer in winter, without the second? In this case, the layer between the first layer and outer clothing will disappear, due to which moisture will be removed directly to the latter. In the winter season, this can lead to rapid freezing along the route due to icing of outer clothing.
However, icing is typical for jackets that cannot cope with moisture removal. If the outerwear breathes well, and we, in turn, actively move, then the system works effectively. And if the weather permits - there is no wind and it is relatively warm, and our physical form also matches - we are able to move actively for a long time, then this option has every right to life.
Thus, in good weather, a variety of kits can be used. For example, Thais or Thais plus shorts. Or a second layer of thermal underwear without the first and shorts. Lightweight, breathable jackets and thick thermal underwear of the first layer.
And the higher your own body weight, the lower the need for a second layer of thermal underwear during high loads. It is only important to either exclude the outer layer altogether, or choose the most breathable option, and not a membrane.
Excessive insulation on the march is harmful, because due to overheating, firstly, we sweat too much; secondly, productivity drops. You should wear insulation during low-intensity work and in unfavorable weather.
However, it is important to emphasize that the concept of one’s own calorific value is not formed immediately, overnight, but with some experience of PVD and the first hikes. Therefore, at first it is better to select general, universal solutions, but at the same time not be afraid to experiment with new ones.
Gratitude to the leopard for useful materials can be done by transferring it to the map:
Sberbank card 4276 3800 1225 7999, including by phone number +7 924 340 14 53
For a kind word, he has an email and a VK page: