In this article we will describe the main features of customs clearance of clothing and shoes. Without carefully studying all the details of customs legislation, there is a risk that clearing clothing through customs will be carried out with great difficulty for the importer. We will describe in detail what documents are required for customs clearance of clothes and shoes, and we will also analyze the features of importing children's and adult clothing.

Clothing is divided into 2 fundamentally different classification groups of the Commodity Classification of Foreign Economic Activity:
The first group includes - knitted clothingand clothing accessories(HS group 61). Knitted clothing is a knitted product, a material (including textile), the structure of which consists of interconnected loops. Knitted fabric is characterized by stretchability, elasticity and softness. In the production of knitted fabrics, synthetic, cotton, wool and silk fibers are used in pure form or in various combinations, including with the addition of elastane. This group includes hand-knitted material.
The second group includes - non-knitted clothing and clothing accessories(HS group 62). Non-knitted products, unlike knitted products, are a fabric that is formed as a result of the mutual interweaving of two systems of threads located in two mutually perpendicular directions.

What are children's clothing? Clothing is divided into adult and children's clothing. The same term, in different regulatory documents, is interpreted according to different characteristics.
For certification(Decision of the CU Commission No. dated September 23, 2011 N 797 (“ON THE SAFETY OF PRODUCTS INTENDED FOR CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS” - TR CU 007/2011 “On the safety of products intended for children and adolescents”) (as amended and supplemented. , entered into force on September 25, 2018): “children” are users of products under the age of 14. At the same time, “newborns” are children aged up to 28 days inclusive; “teenagers” are users of products aged 14 to 18. years;
To declare and determine the HS code: The term "children's clothing and accessories for children's clothing" means products for children no more than 86 cm in height (usually children aged about 18 months), in accordance with the explanations of the Commodity Tax Code for group 61 and item 6111.

VAT 10% or 20%? Based on the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of December 31, 2004 N 908, (as amended on February 21, 2019), children's clothing included in the list of products below (according to the description and HS codes) is subject to VAT of 10% instead of 20%. You need to know that not only the presence of a state registration certificate gives preferences for the payment of VAT when importing children's clothing.

Registration of a certificate of state registration (hereinafter referred to as SGR). Required only for children's clothing that falls into the list below.
In accordance with the Technical Regulations dated September 23, 2011 N 797 ("ON THE SAFETY OF PRODUCTS INTENDED FOR CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS" - TR CU 007/2011) and the Letter of Rospotrebnadzor of the Russian Federation dated June 28, 2012 N 01-09/1418, assessment ( confirmation) of product compliance with the requirements of these technical regulations in the form of state registration with subsequent declaration of conformity is carried out for the following products:

Milk nipples, latex, rubber or silicone pacifiers;
- disposable sanitary and hygienic products (diapers, panties, diapers, hygienic cotton swabs (for the nose and ears));
- dishes, cutlery for children under 3 years of age (cups, saucers, sippy cups, plates, bowls, spoons, forks, bottles and other similar products for food products);
- toothbrushes, electric toothbrushes powered by chemical current sources, gum massagers and other similar products for children under 3 years of age;
- products 1st layer linen knitted and textile materials for children under 3 years of age;

- hosiery knitted 1st layer for children under 3 years old;

-hats(summer) 1st layer knitted and textile materials for children under 3 years old.

Now, in order to identify in detail our imported goods with products for which registration of a SGR is required, it is necessary to analyze the terms in the specified Technical Regulations. Based on the Decision of the CU Commission dated September 23, 2011 N 797 “ON THE SAFETY OF PRODUCTS INTENDED FOR CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS” (Article No. 5) - In accordance with the functional purpose, clothing and products are divided into clothes and products of the 1st, 2nd and 3rd layers.
For clothes and products of the 1st layer These include products that have direct contact with the user’s skin, such as underwear and bed linen, corsetry and swimwear, hats (summer), hosiery, handkerchiefs and head scarves and other similar products.
For clothes and products of the 2nd layer include products that have limited contact with the user's skin, in particular dresses, blouses, top shirts, trousers, skirts, suits without lining, sweaters, jumpers, hats (except for summer), mittens, gloves, hosiery of the autumn-winter range (socks, half-stockings) and other similar products.
For 3rd layer clothes include coats, short coats, jackets, raincoats, lined suits, envelopes for newborns and other similar products.

In addition, in Technical Regulations No. TR CU 017/2011 “On product safetylight industry" (Decision of the CU Commission dated December 9, 2011 N 876) The product groups into which certain products are included are indicated. According to this list, you can determine whether your clothing falls into the group of goods for which state registration certificates are subject to registration.

To the technical regulations
Customs Union
"About product safety
light industry"
(TR TS 017/2011)

SCROLL
PRODUCTS FOR WHICH REQUIREMENTS ARE ESTABLISHED
OF THIS TECHNICAL REGULATION

Name of product groups	Product name
Textile materials:
- linen	for bed, underwear, table linen, linen, corsetry and swimwear
Towel	for towels, sheets (swim), smooth, jacquard, waffle, terry
Clothes	raincoats and jackets, coats, suits, dress-suits, dresses, blouses, shirts, scarves and linings
Shoe	for shoe uppers and linings
Decorative	for curtains, drapes, curtains, bedspreads, tablecloths, capes, paths, sun loungers
Furniture	for upholstery, mattresses, covers
Faux fur and pile fabrics	for outerwear, collars, trim, lining, headwear, decorative purposes, incl. blankets
Clothing and sewing and knitted products:
Upper products	jackets, jumpers, jackets, vests, suits, blouses, skirts, dresses, sundresses, shorts, sets, dressing gowns, trousers, overalls, leggings, suits and sports trousers (except for those intended for equipping sports teams) and other similar products
- hosiery products	tights, stockings, half-stockings, leggings, socks, leggings, culottes, underwear and other similar products
Gloves	gloves, mittens, mittens and other similar products
- handkerchief and scarf products	scarves, shawls, kerchiefs
Outerwear	coats, short coats, raincoats, jackets, sports jackets (pants, suits), overalls, bib overalls and other similar products
Top shirts	top shirts
Costume products	suits, jackets, jackets, skirts, vests, blazer-type jackets, trousers, shorts and other similar items
Dress products	dresses (including sundresses, robes), skirts, blouses, vests, aprons, trouser sets and other similar products
Home clothes	robes, suits and other similar products
- linen products	underwear, bed, table and kitchen linen, towels, swimwear, handkerchiefs and other similar products
Corsetry products	bras, corsets and other similar products
Bed dress	blankets, pillows and other similar products
- hats	caps, caps, caps, hats, Panama hats, berets, skullcaps and other similar products
Machine-made carpet coverings and products	carpets, carpet runners, floor runners, textile floor coverings
Textile and haberdashery products	curtain-tulle products, lace fabric and lace products, piece products, ties, capes, bedspreads, curtains and other similar products
Leather goods	bags, suitcases, briefcases, backpacks, suitcases, briefcases, cases, folders and other similar products gloves, mittens waist belts, for watches and other similar products
Felt, felt and non-woven materials	felt, felt and non-woven material
	boots, ankle boots, boots, ankle boots, shoes, low shoes, shoes, galoshes and other types of footwear made of natural, artificial and synthetic leather, rubber footwear, rubber-textile, felted, combined, textile, polymer and other materials
Faux leather	for the upper and lining of shoes, for clothing and hats, gloves and mittens, haberdashery, furniture and for upholstery of various products
Leather and leather products	leather for the bottom, top and lining of products, haberdashery, for gloves and mittens, for upholstery and other types of leather; clothing, hats and other leather goods
Furs and fur products	coats, short coats, jackets, capes, suits, vests, hats, collars, cuffs, trims, headdresses, gloves, mittens, stockings, socks, sleeping bags, bedspreads and other similar products; tanned fur skins

List of permits for adult clothing. The technical regulation “On the safety of light industry products” (TR CU 017/2011) is applied. Based on this regulation, when importing clothing, the following is required:
1. certificate of conformity, on
- underwear, corsetry, swimwear and similar products;
- bed sheets;
- hosiery of the first layer.
2. Declaration of conformity and all other imported products indicated in the above table.

List of permits for children's clothing. . The technical regulation "ON THE SAFETY OF PRODUCTS INTENDED FOR CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS" is applied - TR CU 007/2011. Based on this regulation, when importing children's clothing, the following is required:
1. SGR (certificate of state registration), see above for what clothes.
2. Certificate of conformity, on (except for products for which SGR is required):
- sanitary and hygienic products made of rubber, shaped and unshaped, for child care;
- sanitary and hygienic and haberdashery products made of plastic and metal;
- bed sheets;
- 1st layer underwear knitted and textile products;
- knitted hosiery products of the 1st layer;
- hats (summer) of the 1st layer, knitted and made of textile materials;
- clothing and products of the 2nd layer made of textile materials and leather; 2nd layer knitted products;
- 2nd layer knitted hats made of textile materials and leather for children under 1 year of age;
- clothing and products of the 3rd layer, knitted, textile materials and leather up to 1 year;
- clothing, products and hats made of fur for children under 1 year of age;
- footwear, except footwear felted with coarse wool;
- prams;
- bicycles.
3. Declaration of conformity, for all other imported children's products, including those for which a State Registration Certificate has been issued.

Attention!!! When preparing certificates of state registration, declarations of conformity and certificates of conformity, DO NOT forget to indicate in these documents the addresses of branches of manufacturers located in other countries. Since if the country of origin is Italy, then the address of the plant must be in Italy. At the same time, it is allowed to indicate in one document a branch of the Plant or factory located in other countries. Typically, European countries have plants and factories located in China, Hong Kong, Taiwan, Vietnam, Malaysia, India, and the USA. Recommendations when issuing permits. We recommend that before issuing certificates of state registration, declarations of conformity and certificates of conformity, you send the layouts for approval to a customs broker (if you are issuing them yourself through a certification body). It is best to instruct the customs broker to prepare these documents independently (without your participation), so that the responsibility for correct registration lies with the customs broker. Otherwise, if there are errors in these documents, you will have to do them again.

At the same time, we inform you that when importing clothing, the provisions of Commission Decision No. 299 of May 28, 2010 “On the application of sanitary measures in the Customs Union” apply only to children’s clothing, for which a state registration certificate is required.
In addition, after importing clothes into Russia (before customs clearance), you need to register with the Rospotrebnadzor authorities mark on the waybill (air waybill, CMR)"import permitted" if the product requires SGR(Section II LIST of goods subject to state registration of the Commission Decision of May 28, 2010 N 299).
If the rest of the range of children's clothing is imported (not falling under the SGR), then the Rospotrebnadzor employee will not put a mark on the air waybill, because Children's clothing is included in - Section I LIST of goods subject to sanitary and epidemiological supervision (control) of the Commission Decision of May 28, 2010 N 299.

In accordance with the letter of Rospotrebnadzor dated July 20, 2010 N 01/10733-10-32 “ON THE PROCEDURE FOR IMPLEMENTING SANITARY AND QUARANTINE CONTROL AT CHECKPOINTS OF THE CUSTOMS UNION”: The official carrying out sanitary and quarantine control, within the limits of his competence, checks documents , confirming the safety of products (goods), transport (transportation) and (or) commercial documents for regulated goods included in sections II, III of the Unified List of Goods. If the goods belong to Section I of the Unified List, the stamps “Import permitted” or “Import prohibited”, as well as a mark with a personal numbered seal and control time are not affixed.

Customs clearance of clothing and footwear from Europe (Italy, France, Germany).

During customs clearance (when importing into Russia) branded and non-branded, you need to know that all clothing and shoes are classified into several groups:

1. "Unnamed."
2. “Comfort” (only for shoes). For example, trademarks such as ALBERTA FERRETTI, ANGELO MARANI, ANNA MOLINARI, CHLOE, CRISTINA EFFE, DSQUARED, GUESS, JOHN GALLIANO, ROCCOBAROCCO, NINA RICCI and many, many others.
3. "Lux". For example, for clothing these are trademarks: ARMANI, AZZEDINE ALAIA, BALENCIAGA, BOSS BLACK, BOTTEGA VENETTA, BURBERRY, CAVALLI JUST CAVALLI, CHANEL, CHRISTIAN DIOR, DKNY, EA7, EMANUEL UNGARO, ERMANNO SCERVINO, ESCADA, ETRO HOME, HISTORY ICEBERG, ICE ICEBERG, JEAN"S PAUL GAULTIER, KARL LAGERFELD, KENZO, LANVIN, LOUIS VUITTON, MARC JACOBS, MARINA RINALDI ELEGANTE, MAX MARA BY WEEKEND, MCQ-ALEXANDER MCQUEEN, MOSCHINO, MY FERRAGAMO, OSCAR DE LA RENTA, POLO LAUR EN, PRADA, SALVATORE FERRAGAMO, Ungaro Couture, VALENTINO GARAVANI, ZILLI, ZEGNA SPORT and many others.

Depending on which group your clothing falls into, customs “risks” will apply. There are such trademarks that are included in the Register of Intellectual Property Objects (hereinafter - ROIP) - GLAMOUR, HUGO BOSS, LEVI"S, MAXI-COSI, SARABANDA, MINIBANDA, NEXUS, SHIMANO, STELLA, Thomas Burberry, WEEBOK, WINX CLUB, TORN , BYTE GIULIANA TESO. Accordingly, when importing these trademarks, you need to check whether the copyright holder has included you as an authorized importer. If not, you must request a one-time permission from the copyright holder to import these goods.

When importing clothing (clothing accessories), footwear and accessories, additional information is required for declaration.
When declaring clothes at customs, including for the correct determination of the HS code (on which the amount of payments to the state depends) the following information is required:
- trade name (skirt, shirt, sweater, etc.);
- knitwear or not knitwear;
- adult or children's clothing;
- percentage composition of the material from which the clothing is made. For example (10% cotton, 90% polyamide);
- dimensional characteristics in cm: height, chest girth, waist (hip) girth, neck girth;
- gender (men's or women's clothing);
- model (article);
- trademark;
- manufacturer;
- country of origin;
- net weight of one product;
- Quantity, pcs.;
- price.

In 1985, the US Armed Forces first thought about a unified concept for all-weather military uniforms. The Ministry of Defense decided to issue a state order for the development and creation of a set of uniforms that would work in the temperature range from +30 to –30 degrees. This created a set or extended system of equipment for cold weather conditions.

This equipment system includes seven layers of clothing made from various high-tech materials designed for different weather conditions. It should be noted that there were not always seven layers. The original version of the system included only five layers or levels of clothing. But since 1985, the system has been modified and improved several times. The prefix “Gen” (Generation) and the subsequent Roman numeral indicate the serial number of the equipment generation. Today we will look at the latest and currently perfect third generation.

First, let's look at the history and reasons for the creation of this military uniform. was developed and put into service in the mid-2000s. The impetus for the development was the fighting in Afghanistan, where the climate is extremely specific: it can be very hot on the plains and very cold in the mountainous areas. These conditions, combined with a general change in the colors of the US Army camouflage, served as an impetus for the development of a qualitatively new type of clothing. For the manufacture of third-generation uniforms, more advanced materials began to be used, such as Primaloft, Polartec and a new lightweight membrane material. The developers managed to make military uniforms even lighter, more compact and more effective.

How to combine layers of GEN III equipment - basic diagram.

Since 2004, this system has been actively used by the 10th Mountain and 82nd Airborne Divisions. Also, due to severe weather conditions, units stationed in Alaska were among the first to receive it. Thus, this system was tested in the combat conditions of Afghanistan and in the far north of Alaska. And I must say that she coped with the assigned tasks perfectly.

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We work throughout Russia: St. Petersburg, Novosibirsk, Yekaterinburg, Nizhny Novgorod, Kazan, Chelyabinsk, Omsk, Samara, Rostov-on-Don, Ufa, Krasnoyarsk, Perm, Voronezh, Volgograd, etc.

Fast delivery to the Moscow region: Balashikha, Podolsk, Khimki, Korolev, Mytishchi, Lyubertsy, Elektrostal, Krasnogorsk, Kolomna, Odintsovo, Serpukhov, Shchelkovo, Domodedovo, Orekhovo-Zuevo, Ramenskoye, Zhukovsky, Pushkino, Sergiev Posad, Dolgoprudny, etc.

Definition and types
The 3rd layer of clothing is the layer that sits on top of the rest and reliably protects from wind, rain and even cold.

Waterproof clothing
Waterproof clothing does not allow water to pass through in the form of droplets. This is provided by a membrane or coating. Both of these layers are on the surface of the material. The membrane can be thought of as a foil that is applied to the material like a laminate. When laminate is applied, heat causes two or more layers to bond together. These coatings are applied to the outside of the material.

Membrane or spraying (coating)
Membranes are of higher quality than sprayed membranes due to their resistance to wear compared to coatings. Spraying, on the contrary, offers a very attractive price-quality ratio and in many cases is completely worth it.
There are 2 and 3 layer materials. Three-layer materials consist of a top layer, a membrane and a very thin layer of lining that are glued together. These are very durable and wear-resistant jackets for high loads and use with backpacks and/or mountaineering belts, etc. In the case of two-layer materials, the outer material and membrane are one piece, the mesh lining or taffeta is not glued to this layer. Depending on the model, there are such jackets for relatively heavy loads with light to medium weight backpacks, or for everyday use.

There are materials with 2.5 layers. In this case, a protective layer (Gore-Tex Paclite in the form of a carbon layer) or dot spraying in the form of a raster is applied to the membrane. Such products are very light, have a small overall size, but are not so durable (the backpack can wear out or damage the membrane over time).

Comment: If you, as a student, wear a heavy backpack and often take it on and off, then this is a very large load on the membrane. In this case, it is better to choose a durable, durable material. The straps of a bag or backpack without a good enough hem can ruin the material of the jacket. In other cases, on the label of a jacket that serves as the top 3rd layer, otherwise called Hardshell, there will be additional designations about the use of this model with a backpack. If we are talking about light backpacks, this means a weight of about 6 kg, an average weight of up to 15 kg, and heavy ones of about 20 kg.
All others fall into the “very heavy” category. The outer layer is decisive in this case: Nylon (or Polyamide) is less susceptible to abrasion than polyester. It also comes in a Ripstop version. This fabric has a checkered structure. If a tear occurs in such tissue, the subsequent tear will be less significant, since it will be stopped by each segment of this structure. The difference in prices can be explained by various reasons: for example, some manufacturers use thin 8-mm adhesive tape to stick the layer, the product becomes lighter, and the jacket’s ability to “breathe” will decrease. The design of the hood can also affect the price. The outer layers do not allow water to pass through, but release moisture out in the form of steam (sweat) - this will determine the “breathing” activity of the material - that’s right, this is called the degree of water-steam transmission. This requires certain temperature conditions under the jacket to be higher than outside. However, in tropical rain, breathable material will not help... Basically, you need to remember that when actively moving, a person produces heat and sweat, and even the best jacket will not be able to throw all the sweat out in the blink of an eye. It is also important to know, which is often not given enough attention, that the jacket is also impregnated. If after washing the impregnation is not renewed, then the top layer may begin to absorb more moisture and the degree of active breathing of the jacket may sharply decrease, and in addition, the degree of condensation formation will also be high and it will seem that the material is permeable to moisture.
If If we talk about jackets with waterproof zippers, then in certain extreme cases they can let water through.
Basically, it is not always possible to answer the question for what exact temperature conditions the jacket is intended. This is very individual and depends on each individual person (it is also determined by the weather, the degree of fatigue, hunger, which determines the degree of freezing), the degree of humidity, windiness, the quantity and quality of underwear and the degree of activity. It is very difficult to formulate a serious and precise definition here.

Down clothes
The most important thing with all the innovations in the development of artificial fabrics is that down products remain the best when considering the warmth-to-weight ratio. In this matter, there are a number of decisive factors for determining the quality of down clothing. Goose down is better than duck down.
The next point is the mixture ratio: 80/20 means the mixture ratio is 80% fluff and 20% feather. Down has a higher degree of insulation. Those. the more fluff, the lighter and warmer the product. The ratio 94/6 is the highest - there are no mixtures without feathers at all, they are necessary to stabilize the down. For everyday use, things with a mixture of 80/20 are quite suitable. For hiking or expeditions, you need things with a 90/60 ratio.
Quantity is also decisive for quality, i.e. filling volume. Weight is determined by ounces (28 grams) of down mixture in a measuring cylinder compressed for 24 hours. Then the volume is measured in cubic inches (1 inch³ = 15.62 cm³). A filling volume of 550 inch³ and above is considered good, 650 top class and 850 inch³ is considered leader. In other words, the greater the filling volume, the higher the degree of thermal insulation.
External material is also important. Here you need to choose a lightweight or more durable material. Also on all down products the origin of the down is indicated.

Membranes
Gore-Tex is used by several companies. There are several options: Classic, XCR (25% actively breathable membrane), Paclite (about the same as the XCR membrane, today used on lighter jackets), Soft Shell (name from the modern 'Soft Shells', waterproof, always with a thin micro -fleece, for relatively warm jackets).
Since September 2007, Gore has a new list of material categories, which is oriented by application - XCR and classic membrane are a thing of the past. There is now Gore-Tex Pro Shell, Gore-Tex Performance Shell, Gore-Tex Paclite Shell and Gore-Tex Softshell.
All products remain, as before, reliable, waterproof and actively breathable.
Pro Shell category for extreme athletes (for all nature enthusiasts and professionals), for all conditions where clothing with a high level of air circulation is required. These products are very light and durable. The decisive factor in this fabric is its inner side (Micro-Grid-Technologie) consisting of a micromesh, which is used only in jackets from three layers of the Pro Shell series.
The Performance Shell material category is suitable for most activities - hiking, cycling or skiing.
In these two categories there are jackets made from both two-layer and three-layer material.
Paclite Shell is a fairly common material that has proven its properties more than once. Lightweight products with small overall dimensions and a high degree of air permeability (not to be confused with airflow) - on the other hand, are not as durable as the previous ones.
Softshells are also quite famous - this material is completely waterproof, with taped seams, with a stretchy top layer, but less wear-resistant than Pro, Performance or Paclite Shells. In addition, Softshells have a thin fleece lining (always the outer material, the membrane and the lining are connected in one layer). Products made from this material are always slightly warmer than others. The emphasis here is not always on high breathability and light weight, but rather on thermal insulation, which is often needed on the ski slopes.

• eVent, supplied by Montane, which can be considered the most actively breathable membrane on the market


• Dermizax, also an extremely active-breathing membrane marketed by Bergans, is based on a material that contains almost no pores


• Membrain, a membrane owned by Marmot, based on the Dermizax-Membran principle and with the same properties


• Venturi, Schöffel membrane


• H2NO, from Patagonia uses a polyurethane based membrane

Spraying (coatings)
Such materials are less breathable and less resilient. However, their price-quality ratio is also good. There have also been some changes in this area...

• Drytech, spraying belongs to the company Mammut (and to completely confuse everything, there is not only spraying, but a membrane called Drytech.


• Precip, spraying from Marmot (there are Classic and -Plus options).


• Hyvent, sprayed by The North Face.


• Texapore, coated by Jack Wolfskin.


• High Performance, Meru spraying (PU-Basis).


• T3000 light.

Softshells or otherwise soft layer of clothing
The type of clothing Softshells has already become a concept among tourist equipment and its victorious march can no longer be stopped.
This is due to its versatile application possibilities and high comfort. First of all, such clothing is used as outerwear and at the same time complements Hardshells - that is, waterproof jackets. Softshells are also “wind-repellent” or completely windproof (depending on the material) and waterproof. The advantage over waterproof jackets is that they are made of stretchy and soft material, which is often more insulating and breathable.

In 90% of weather conditions, Softshell provides sufficient protection against various weather conditions. Only if the precipitation becomes very heavy or in strong winds will the Softshell reach its limits.
In this case, you need to use a windproof or waterproof membrane (for example, Gore Tex Windstopper, 100% windproof membrane or Polartec Powershield, porous membrane, 98% windproof).
Windproof membranes have one significant advantage - they are also actively breathable. Depending on the need and personal perception of cold, everyone must decide for themselves which product will be best for them.

Interesting, but slightly different material on this topic can be read

CRAFT PRINCIPLE - MICROCLIMATE OPTIMIZATION

Since 1977, CRAFT has been actively involved in research into the ventilation and moisture-wicking properties of various fabrics. The fruit of these efforts is the Craft principle: the production of functional training and competition clothing that provides the best microclimate for optimal performance.

Intense workouts produce significant amounts of sweat. This is quite natural and indicates that the training was not in vain. If you don't wear functional clothing, sweat remains on the surface of the skin, clogging pores and disrupting thermal balance. Eventually, your clothes become damp, cold, and heavy, clinging to your body, restricting your movement, and keeping you cold, which hinders your workout. If you wear functional clothing, your skin will remain dry and your body will be at its optimal working temperature.

Swedish CRAFT functional clothing consists of three layers to help create the ideal microclimate and provide the foundation for optimal performance. Each layer is equally important, responsible for performing certain functions and complementing the others.

1 LAYER - Ventilating and moisture-wicking (“thermal underwear”)

A base layer that effectively transports moisture from the skin and distributes it to the next layer of clothing, from where it either evaporates or is transferred further outside. To ensure optimal performance and comfort, regardless of weather conditions, Craft thermal underwear should be worn under the outer layers of clothing, closest to the body.

Main functions of thermal underwear:
- removes sweat from the surface of the body, leaving the body dry and prevents hypothermia;
- retains useful heat;
- ventilates and has “breathable” properties.
You will enjoy training in dry, light clothing.

When copying materials, active link to www..

On hikes, especially short outings during weekends to popular places with a lot of tourists, you often observe the same picture - many do not know how to choose clothes for trips to nature, confusing a trip, even a short one, with a physical education lesson. And if you usually get away with something like this on a one- or two-day hike, then on a long trip it can be fraught with consequences. And in a short time it is quite possible to catch a cold, get injured, and deprive yourself of the pleasure of communicating with nature.

As a rule, most people going on a long hike in the mountains for the first time take the issue of choosing clothes justifiably seriously. Some things you can borrow from friends and acquaintances, but for the rest you have to go to the store. In a modern camping equipment store, a newbie’s eyes simply run wild - the range of products is awe-inspiring, as are the prices. How not to buy too much, but not be left without what you need? First of all, you need to carefully read the lists of clothing and equipment that we publish on our website for each type of trip. Secondly, it is worth reading several thematic articles that will bring you up to date and consult with more experienced tourists.

The main points regarding the selection of shoes have already been discussed earlier in the thematic review. Today we will talk about the basic concept of dressing for serious hikes, especially outside of comfortable and familiar places. To our general joy, modern travel clothing allows us to feel quite comfortable in, at first glance, completely uncomfortable conditions, allowing us to focus on the main thing - our Adventure.

The influence of environmental factors on a hike

What happens to us during physical activity in nature? To begin with, when we actively move, we release a large amount of local heat. The body reacts to this with active sweating, especially intense in certain areas of our body. This can happen even in very cold weather. In this case, if this sweat and excess heat are not transported away from the skin in time, the adjacent clothing will become wet and, after stopping active movement, we will begin to freeze.

Next point. If it is much colder around us than inside, we need to be insulated from this cold, that is, insulated. The temperature can vary within significant limits, which means that we must have the possibility of step-by-step protection from the cold with the ability to quickly release excess heat outside (at best, accumulate it, but these are still very complex and expensive technologies), and then just as quickly insulate .

In addition to temperature fluctuations, our thermal comfort is greatly influenced by such factors as the movement of air around us, in other words, the wind. A strong wind, if our clothing does not block it, can cause serious hypothermia in an unprotected body, even at significant above-zero temperatures.

Another important component of our weather equation is air humidity. Everyone knows that in a dry climate both frost and heat are tolerated much easier than in a humid climate. Added to this are direct precipitation - rain and snow. Precipitation combined with wind can make life unbearable for a tourist if he is not prepared for it. Wet clothing protects us much less well from heat loss; Many insulation materials, being saturated with moisture, practically cease to be effective.

One should also not underestimate the power of solar radiation, primarily ultraviolet radiation. Sunburn in extreme cases can lead to very disastrous results. Therefore, paradoxically, in very hot, sunny weather it is necessary to stock up on light clothing that completely covers the body and protects from ultraviolet radiation and contact with hot air.

Three-layer clothing concept for hiking

Currently, the most proven and effective, in my opinion, is three layer clothing concept. It is very simple, understandable and quite accessible, since it can be implemented at different, so to speak, financial levels, starting from very budget ones. At the same time, a tourist properly dressed in budget clothing will be much better protected from the vicissitudes of the weather than a newcomer haphazardly dressed in famous and expensive clothes.

I believe most have already heard about this principle. In the upcoming articles we will deal with each layer and try to clarify it for those who do not yet feel confident in this topic. In general, when it comes to potential protection of a tourist from adverse environmental factors, you can use the following rule:

• first layer- “our own shirt is closer to the body” - our second skin, as a rule, this is thermal underwear;
• second layer- insulation, something warm, pleasant and soft))), for example, fleece or down;
• - third layer- our armor, our shield. This is a protective layer, put on, like the previous one, “at the request” of the body, adequate to the weather. This windproof clothing. Let's talk about it in more detail today.

Objectives of the protective layer of clothing

The protective layer is the first to encounter bad weather; resisting it is its main task. Let us conditionally divide outerwear into that which is intended for protection in in severe weather conditions(strong wind, heavy rain, snowfall, one hundred percent humidity) and moderate exposure to natural forces(windy weather, drizzling rain, light snow).

As a rule, on a hiking trip, the top layer of clothing is a set of jacket and pants, which have, to one degree or another, water and wind protection capabilities.

Many novice tourists with skiing and boarding experience take a ski clothing set on a hike, which is a whole “sandwich” of lining, insulation and top layer, actually combining two of the three layers of clothing at once. We cannot recommend this choice. It is convenient to ride in mountain resorts in this clothing, but on a hike it is less versatile and limited in use. In cold weather, such clothes are useful, but what to do when it gets warmer and it rains? Get wet or steam?

Often, our hikes, such as the hike in Morocco, take place in a wide range of temperatures. Therefore, take clothes with you that will give you the opportunity to combine them, getting the right combination for any expected temperature, plus, as always, a small “safety margin”.

If you expect wet, rainy weather for several or more days on your hike, we definitely recommend choosing a protective set made of membrane fabric. Pay close attention to the design of the jacket and pants and the characteristics of the membrane in this garment.

Hiking jacket

It is desirable that the jacket has a fully detachable zipper, an internal pocket for “delicate” things - a phone, money, a windproof strip for the zipper, adjustable cuffs on the sleeves, a spacious, adjustable hood (if the hike is extreme, sometimes you will need to put it on a helmet) adjustable tie at the bottom of the jacket. Opening ventilation holes are also desirable, especially if you are not confident in your membrane. They are usually located under the sleeves. It would also be useful to have reinforcements made of more durable material in “problem areas” - places that have contact with the straps and belt of the backpack, as well as on the sleeves. Especially if your jacket is made of modern lightweight materials. The material itself must have a protective rip-stop weave that prevents punctures and cuts from spreading. Stretch fabric is very comfortable, but is rarely found in such clothing. If, in addition to the jacket, you also have protective pants, then the length of the top is of secondary importance, but if not, then the longer the jacket, the better. The cut of the jacket should allow you to make any movements, and the length of the sleeves should be sufficient even with your arms raised and a backpack on.

Choosing pants for a hike

If possible, protective trousers should have fully detachable zippers on the sides of the legs (so-called “self-releases”) or have a zipper from the bottom of the trouser leg up to at least half the length. This will allow you, if necessary, to put on and take off your “space suit” without taking off your shoes. Sometimes this is very important. In addition, “self-resets” make it possible to open the zippers from above, ventilating clothes. As a rule, such ventilation is much more effective than specially provided ventilation (which is relatively rare). The belt in your pants should be invisible to the belt of your backpack, otherwise you will end up with painful abrasions.

Nowadays, the design of such products is increasingly dominated by the principle of reasonable minimalism, and I like it. I recommend not purchasing clothes with unnecessary, unnecessary details. I think that the following are redundant in storm clothing:

• many pockets (two or three are enough, maximum four in a jacket and a couple in trousers);
• placket with rivets on top of the main detachable zipper;
• medium (waist) tie in short jackets;
• built-in leggings in the middle of the trousers (if necessary, it is better to use separate leggings);
• If you have the opportunity to buy products with a laminated membrane, do not buy a jacket with a lining - it increases weight and bulkiness, impairs breathability, and the product takes longer to dry.

Storm clothing must have minimum number of parts and seams, welded and glued seams are welcome if you trust the manufacturer. On the contrary, in “no-name” products it is better to avoid high-tech features - you won’t notice how they fail.

The fittings must be exclusively branded, with a logo imprint.

If you are not a hunter or a spy, it is better to choose bright colors that are visible from a long distance.

Detail of membranes in tourist clothing

With a shudder I turn to this topic, around which so many copies have been broken! I won’t philosophize here, and I won’t give a lecture on the topic of membranes, at least in this article. This is of no use to a novice tourist. The simpler, the clearer. The main property of the membrane is the selective permeability of the boundary layer. That is: water does not pass from outside, steam comes out from inside. Unfortunately, this is only in bare theory.

Don’t even expect that you won’t sweat in a membrane jacket and that it will never get wet. Just take the word of experienced people for now - you will definitely be more comfortable with the membrane than without it in most bad weather conditions. Check the membrane specifications on your jacket/pants. Don’t be lazy to torment consultants with “stupid questions” and read what is written on the labels in tiny letters. Then you will have to suffer in inappropriate clothes. What you need to know right away: there are two main characteristics of the membrane - vapor permeability indicator in gr. in 24 hours, And water resistance indicator in mm per 1 sq. see product area. For example: 10,000g/24h and 10,000mm, the so-called “ten by ten” - many, not without reason, believe that these are the minimum acceptable values ​​for outdoor outerwear. Keep in mind that there is some confusion with test standards (as in the temperature ratings of sleeping bags) and, say, the characteristics of products from overseas sometimes look more modest than European ones, but as it turns out, they are no worse. Although this point applies more to tent awnings.

The higher these characteristics are, the better. “Elite” begins at twenty thousand of both. The price tag is appropriate.

I will not write now about pore, diffuse and combined membranes - this is of no use to a beginner or a person far from high textile technologies. And for those who are interested, the Internet will provide a wealth of information. The main thing is that it works. Therefore, in a simple way: if you have money, buy famous brands with an event or gore-tex membrane. All. Every year “analogs” are introduced to the market, but the situation here is about the same as with the “killers” of the iPhone and Chinese Bentleys. Do you need it? If your option lies in the budget segment, take the time to study the characteristics and read something on the forums. Or ask someone you trust. Or - rely on karma)).

Membrane care

This point should be approached very seriously - the products are expensive, and it’s easy to ruin them through improper handling. It is best to get advice on caring for your membrane before purchasing from an equipment center and, if necessary, immediately purchase the necessary care products. First of all, this is a detergent for membranes and impregnation for membrane jackets (the purchase of the latter can wait a little). It should be said that some membranes, for example, event, are not afraid of gentle washing, others are very picky. In any case, wash the membrane in the most gentle mode in cold or lukewarm water (no more than 40 degrees), if possible by hand, do not wring it out in a drum, do not dry it on a radiator, and do not even approach it with a heated iron! Remember that dirt, dust, and all sorts of foreign substances on the surface of the material worsen the characteristics of the membrane, and aggressive substances destroy it. Any membrane is a high-tech, delicate structure. Just look at the microscopic holes in thousandths of a millimeter in pore membranes!

But do we always need a top protective layer of membrane fabric when traveling? I think no. Still, rain on most hikes is more of a force majeure than an ordinary thing. Wind and light precipitation in the form of dense fog, very humid air, and light snow are much more common. Even a gentle wind significantly reduces the protective properties of a polar sweater, for example. For such cases, it is enough to put on a light windbreaker on top and the situation will immediately change for the better. For reliable and lightweight wind protection, we can safely recommend products made from Pertex - a very light and durable fabric that does not allow wind to pass through. After appropriate treatment, Pertex also begins to retain water in reasonable quantities. For some hikes, such protection will be enough. It should be said that the Pertex jacket folds into a ball the size of an orange and weighs very little.

It should also be said that most manufacturers are increasingly showing a tendency to support the trend known as fast&light, i.e. making things with minimal weight to increase user mobility. This is not necessarily ease of movement in its pure form, it’s just that modern technologies make it possible to make lightweight, durable materials and sew appropriate clothing from them.

Therefore, the store may offer you a membrane jacket weighing approx. 150g and the pants are one and a half times lighter with impressive characteristics... How to feel about this? My recommendation is to be prudent and adhere to the principle of reasonable sufficiency when choosing equipment. If you are not an extreme lightweight rider or do not participate in professional multi-races, I do not recommend choosing ultra-light models, the lightest in the line. Think about how long they will last you during hard hiking use? What would a jacket like this look like after thorny thickets or just thick and strong thickets? After collecting firewood all night in the rain and carrying an armful of it back to camp in your new ultra-light jacket? Introduced? Then think again before purchasing. I also advise you to opt for time-tested solutions and materials. In most cases, I prefer that innovative solutions are not tested on me. It's up to you to decide for yourself.

What to choose for hiking: poncho or membrane?

I think this is a rather pointed and interesting question. Each tourist seeks the answer for himself. Of course, I recommend having three types of protective clothing in your arsenal for hiking - a membrane, a lightweight Pertex windbreaker with water-repellent treatment, and a poncho-raincoat. I will simply describe the advantages and disadvantages of each type of clothing.

The membrane is the most universal clothing concept; within a certain stretch, it can be used as both wind protection and moisture protection. Suitable for use in the city. Suitable for traveling over difficult terrain and in strong winds. Disadvantages - limited breathability, high cost, usually slightly heavier, requires careful care, requires a backpack cover.

Lightweight wind protection. Pros - lower cost compared to a membrane, as a rule, it is lighter and breathes better, it can be washed frequently in a machine (not forgetting the water-repellent treatment). Suitable for use in the city. Suitable for traveling over difficult terrain and in strong winds. Disadvantages - water protection may be insufficient in heavy precipitation, more vulnerable to mechanical damage, requires timely application of a water-repellent layer, and requires a cover on the backpack.

Raincoat-poncho. Pros - low cost (can even be made from oilcloth), maintainability, a long raincoat can be used without protective trousers. Closes the backpack (most models). Can be used as an emergency shelter (some ponchos turn into a full-fledged tent), a foot print (an additional protective floor for a tent), a cover-pack for backpacks, clothes, bicycles, etc. Cons - actively “collects” condensation, creates a “bathhouse effect” , not suitable for traveling over difficult terrain or in strong winds. In ponchos, the sleeves tend to get wet if you stick your arms out. It is unlikely to be useful to most in the city.

conclusions

By analyzing the weather conditions expected on your trip, you can choose what suits you best. Perhaps it will be a combination of several types of clothing, for example, a poncho and a light windbreaker. The choice is yours.

For myself, I distinguish two approaches to using equipment - “fetishistic” and custom. Some people go on hikes mainly to use their perfect equipment, sometimes even trips are planned “for the equipment.” The other part is simply using what you take with you to create conditions that help you enjoy the adventure. But all this is a topic for a separate conversation. In the meantime, I wish everyone to make a good choice and acquire reliable, practical and beautiful things that will meet your needs and delight you.