According to medical statistics, many lives are not saved due to the fact that people simply did not know their blood type or Rh.
As for pregnancies, not knowing that a woman is Rh negative and not providing the necessary medical care could cost the life of the fetus. Simply put, this is one of the reasons for miscarriages.
Now, of course, this does not happen - the 21st century is just outside - but the problem of Rh negativity in pregnant women remains.
What is the Rh factor?
Human blood is examined in laboratory conditions and is constantly studied. At the same time, more and more new systems are appearing for “counting and reading” the information carried by any liquid, and blood, being a biological fluid, even more so.
There is an ABO system. Within this system, one of the most important antigens is released - antigen D. It is he who determines the Rh of a person’s blood.
If D is detected on the surface of red blood cells, then the Rhesus of the person whose blood was taken for analysis is positive. If there is no D antigen in the blood, then we can say with confidence that the Rh factor is negative.
It is on the basis of the determination of this antigen that laboratory studies are carried out to determine the human Rh factor. Medicine has come a long way, so they are done very quickly and are not complicated.
By the way, Every person needs to know both their blood type and Rh factor. This may be needed in emergency situations, during blood transfusions, and even more so for pregnant women.
What is Rh conflict?
When the mother is Rh negative and the father is Rh positive, the likelihood that their child will also be Rh positive is more than 60%.
A “negative” mother, carrying a “positive” child, exchanges nutrients with him through the blood during her life and pregnancy. And this is where the mother’s body can “sense something is wrong.”
Clinically, this can be determined in such a way that antibodies will appear in her blood, and their number may begin to increase rapidly. The body produces these antibodies to fight the D antigen present in the blood of a “positive” child.
Of course, no mother wishes harm to her child, but this is how the human body works: having noticed that “something is not going according to the plan,” or rather, “the schemes do not match,” it begins to destroy what, in its opinion, is wrong. In this case, it is the blood of a little man. Rh conflict arises.
No matter how scary this name may sound, the Rh conflict can be smoothed out by infusing the child with “negative” blood, and a disease such as hematuria may not occur. It is quite a rare occurrence, and we will talk about it a little later.
Situations leading to Rh conflict
- “negative” woman + “positive” man;
- second and subsequent pregnancies of a woman with a negative Rh factor;
- the entry of the baby’s blood into the mother’s body during the first pregnancy;
- blood transfusion performed by the mother before pregnancy and without taking into account the Rh factor;
- pathologies during pregnancy: placental abruption and intrauterine bleeding requiring hospitalization;
- at the mother's.
If the child’s father is also “negative”, then, most likely, the child will again take after his father, and the pregnancy will go smoothly.
But even if the mother is “negative”, the father is “positive”, and the child is “positive”, there is no need to become depressed! Modern medicine is quite capable of providing you with the opportunity to bear and give birth to a healthy baby, no different from others.
Blood will need to be donated, perhaps, every week. However, all pregnant women in later stages donate blood every week, but only in the very early stages - once every two months, and then once a month.
Features of pregnancy with negative Rhesus
Negative Rh factor is not a pathology, and the pregnancy of such a woman is in no way something unnatural.
Of course, you need to know your Rh (and the child’s Rh) and be prepared for complications, but in many cases the pregnancy of a “negative woman” is completely normal. Especially if the child’s father is also “negative”. However, even if this is not the case, you still shouldn’t worry ahead of time.
During the first pregnancy
During the first pregnancy the risk of its abnormal course is especially low, because the pregnant woman’s body has not yet developed antibodies to the baby’s antigens, and with maintenance therapy in a hospital setting, pregnancy can proceed more or less smoothly.
There is a small risk of the baby developing anemia(lack of blood), but by transfusion this problem is eliminated. The woman should be under constant supervision of an obstetrician-gynecologist, and her blood should be tested weekly, or even more often, to monitor the appearance of antibodies in the blood.
Modern medicine makes it possible to artificially reduce their number so that the child can develop unhindered in the womb and complete the pregnancy.
During childbirth there will be a peak in the formation of antibodies by the woman’s body to the blood of an Rh-positive fetus as a result of blood loss, and it makes sense to introduce a drug that will suppress the development of such antibodies in the future.
In many ways, it makes sense to do this if a woman is again planning a pregnancy with an Rh-positive man. This drug immunoglobulin, will help significantly reduce the “side effects” of Rh-negative pregnancy in the future.
During second and subsequent pregnancies
If the woman has not had an injection of Rh immunoglobulin, then the risks increase with each subsequent pregnancy. This is where the more serious problems begin: we are no longer talking about mild anemia and problems that can be easily solved by blood transfusions.
The child may develop pathology characteristic of pregnant mothers with negative Rhesus - hemolytic disease. If it is suspected, a pregnant woman is immediately hospitalized: it may be necessary to artificially maintain the life of the child in the womb. We will have to reduce their biological metabolism as much as possible, as if “protecting” the child from the antibodies of the mother’s body.
If the fetal red blood cells continue to be severely destroyed, bilirubin increases, and jaundice begins. The brain may gradually begin to deteriorate; in general, even if doctors manage to bring this process under control, the chances of giving birth to a healthy child drop sharply.
That's why immunoglobulin vaccine matters more, if you are planning a subsequent pregnancy with a “positive” or “negative” man.
In addition, there are often cases when the second or third pregnancy of a “negative” woman has to be artificially terminated, because further bearing of the child becomes impractical and inhumane - neither for the parents nor for the baby.
A after an abortion There can be no question of a subsequent pregnancy for a woman with negative Rhesus.
The effect of negative Rh on the baby's health
Childbirth may occur prematurely due to stress and constant medical interventions. This in itself is not dangerous. In general, a child may be born completely normal, but his blood will be immediately taken for analysis.
In the first years of life, the baby may suffer from elevated levels of bilirubin in the blood., which means that serious physical activity will be contraindicated for him.
The fact is that such a diagnosis implies increased pressure on the brain and stress on the liver. The child will have to be protected from hepatitis all his life.
However, modern drugs can maintain liver function at the proper level for many years, and over time, due to the reserves of the young body, the child’s condition can improve to almost normal.
Hematogen will be shown to him as a treat to increase the level of hemoglobin in the blood. Otherwise, depression and apathy, aggravated by hypotension - low blood pressure, may begin in adolescence.
Such a child needs sports in reasonable quantities: It is very important for him to be in good shape, then all his organs will be in good shape, and bilirubin will gradually normalize.
In short, don't be afraid or worry: this is a practically healthy child, who will not be hindered one bit from achieving success in life by the fact that his mother had a negative Rh blood factor!
The main thing is to monitor his health and avoid overload. However, as you can see, such advice is relevant for almost all babies born in our century. So let's repeat it again: a child from a “negative” mother is normal.
Features of pregnancy management in women with negative Rhesus
It is advisable to immediately go into storage so that doctors are nearby as soon as their help is needed.
Rh negative blood should always be ready for transfusion in case the mother's antibodies begin to multiply too quickly and pose a threat to the fetus.
In principle, it is possible that the pregnancy will proceed completely calmly. In this case, the benefit will be the mother’s weak immune system, which will not have time to detect something “foreign” in her body during the period of gestation.
True, in this case, the expectant mother needs to be provided with comfortable conditions for inpatient living and any possibility of contracting colds should be excluded. This is especially worth paying attention to during periods when heating or hot water is turned off: you will have to take good care.
Maternal blood test for antibodies is done at least once a week, drugs aimed at combating them are used only in extreme cases, but still it is better not to lead to the need for transfusion.
Prevention and treatment of Rh conflict
The fact whether treatment of Rh conflict will be needed at all, or whether it will be possible to get by with light supportive procedures depends on how effectively preventive measures are carried out by a qualified doctor.
However, the doctor’s arsenal for prevention is not so large: The most important thing is to catch the moment in time when the mother’s body begins to react too violently to the fetus. In a blood test for antibodies, all this is clearly visible. The ideal situation would be when there are no antibodies yet and the pregnancy is proceeding calmly.
As soon as antibodies appear in the mother's blood, the doctor must continuously monitor the child's condition. If he does not have enough blood, oxygen starvation and anemia may begin, and this is quite dangerous. To avoid this, blood with a negative Rh factor, like the mother's, is administered to the child through the umbilical cord, constantly monitoring his condition on monitors.
Sometimes an immunoglobulin injection may be necessary, suppressing the production of antibodies by the mother's body that destroy the red blood cells of the fetus. But this is only if the risk is justified, and maintaining the viability of the fetus in other ways becomes increasingly difficult.
After birth, the baby will most likely not require any treatment. At most, you will have to “clean” the blood a little and normalize all vital indicators.
When pregnancy begins in a woman’s life, she has to take care of her health in the most serious way.
One of these factors that you have to pay attention to is the Rh factor, which is associated with the presence of a special protein on the surface of blood cells - red blood cells. Most people have this protein in their blood and are Rh positive.
What is a negative Rh factor in a woman?
However, about 15 percent of people do without this protein, as a result of which their blood is Rh negative. In itself, a positive or negative Rh factor is only an indicator of a physiological characteristic and is not associated with any threat to human health.
What are the risks of having a negative Rh factor during pregnancy?
But with the onset of pregnancy, the situation changes. Couples in which both partners have the same Rh factor do not have to worry. There is no particular reason for concern in a situation in which the mother’s blood has a positive and the father’s blood has a negative Rh factor. Due to the fact that the mother's blood is stronger, the child inherits positive Rh from her. In cases where the mother's blood is Rh negative and the father's blood is positive, an unsafe situation arises, because The risk of a child inheriting Rh from his father is quite high.
Signs of hemolysis in a blood test. Why is Rh conflict dangerous during pregnancy?
The result may be the occurrence of a Rh conflict, in which the mother’s body will perceive the presence of protein in the blood of the fetus as something foreign, and therefore strive in every possible way to reject it from her body. The consequence is the production of antibodies, which enter the child’s blood. destroy his blood cells. This process is given the name hemolysis.
Rhesus conflict of mother and child consequences
It is not difficult to understand that this phenomenon poses a serious threat to the health of the unborn child. Due to hemolysis, the fetal organs are filled with fluid, contrary to the norm. Even after the baby is born, these antibodies continue to act for some time, which in almost all cases leads to hemolytic disease of the newborn.
The likelihood of Rh conflict during the first pregnancy
The type of antibodies produced depends on whether the woman is pregnant for the first time or a second time. In the case of the first pregnancy, the antibodies produced are quite large, and therefore enter the child’s blood much less frequently than in the case of a second pregnancy, when they easily penetrate the blood through the umbilical cord. This pattern causes the phenomenon that during the first pregnancy, a difference in Rhesus results in a significantly lower risk and is less likely to cause an Rhesus conflict.
Can there be a miscarriage due to Rh conflict?
Mismatch of Rh factors becomes a common cause of pregnancy failure, in the form of miscarriages or miscarriage.
How is Rh conflict diagnosed?
Since the condition of the expectant mother does not worsen due to Rh conflict, it is impossible to determine its presence “by eye” in the pregnant woman’s body. This task is perfectly accomplished by ultrasound, which detects an increase in the size of the internal organs, the presence of a large amount of fluid in them, due to which the fetus is not able to take its natural position, and is in a position with its legs spread out, called the Buddha position.
Is an anti-Rhesus immunoglobulin injection given during pregnancy?
Testing the expectant mother's blood for the presence of antibodies is also one of the reliable ways to detect Rh conflict. Prevention against the appearance of antibodies in a pregnant woman’s body can be the introduction of immunoglobulin into her body.
In a responsible and balanced approach to planning pregnancy and childbirth, future parents need to take into account not only the health of their bodies, but also many factors that can affect the health of the unborn baby. One of these factors is incompatible blood groups of future parents.
In medicine, the following are distinguished:
- 1 blood group – 0 (I).
- – A (II).
- – B (III).
- – AB (IV).
Depending on whether the antigen, best known as , is present or absent on the surface of red blood cells, the blood can be either Rh positive (Rh+) or Rh negative (Rh-).
A person's blood type is a constant characteristic. It is determined by genetic laws and does not change under the influence of external factors. perhaps as early as the third month of intrauterine development.
As a rule, most doctors deny the fact that future parents have incompatible blood groups for conceiving a child. A woman’s inability to fertilize, carry a pregnancy and give birth to a healthy baby is more due to the immunological and genetic incompatibility of a man and a woman, as well as the production of sperm by the female body against the partner’s sperm.
Parents' blood groups for pregnancy may be incompatible due to the Rh factor. This factor should never be neglected in matters of pregnancy planning.
For conception, the Rhesus antigen has no significance. It also does not affect the development and bearing of the baby if a woman is pregnant for the first time or if she and her husband have Rhesus - positive blood type.
Only in the case when the father of the unborn child is Rh positive, this can lead to incompatibility of the blood groups of the mother and the pregnant child, and, as a result, to the development of such a life-threatening condition for the baby as an isoimmune conflict for the Rh factor , better known as during pregnancy.
Conflict during pregnancy arises because the mother’s Rh-negative blood reacts to the red blood cells of the developing baby, on the membranes of which specific proteins are present, as if they were a foreign organism. As a result, the female body begins to actively produce antibodies directed against the fetus.
The consequences of Rh conflict for a pregnant woman can be irreversible and include:
- in the threat of miscarriage in early pregnancy or premature birth;
- in the formation of intraorgan edema in the fetus, which can lead to intrauterine growth retardation;
- in the development of a hemolytic disease in a newborn, characterized by the destruction () of its red blood cells by maternal blood cells, which continues to circulate in the child’s body for some time after birth.
For the woman herself, the development of an autoimmune conflict does not pose any danger. She will feel well even if the developing fetus begins to suffer in utero.
Therefore, it is extremely important for pregnant women who have had antibodies detected in their blood using the Coombs test to strictly follow all the recommendations of the doctor monitoring the development of pregnancy, promptly donate blood for examination and not neglect an ultrasound examination, since this will help identify the appearance of edema in the baby and the onset of development. hemolytic disease.
Are there always complications?
If a woman with Rh negative factor becomes pregnant for the first time in her life, there are still no specific antibodies in her blood. Therefore, the pregnancy will proceed completely normally, and there will be no threat to the health and life of the unborn baby. Immediately after giving birth, she will be given anti-Rhesus D serum, which will help stop the formation of these antibodies.
In addition, since antibodies in the blood of a Rh-negative woman do not disappear over time, but on the contrary, their number only increases with each subsequent pregnancy, the administration of this serum is indicated after each pregnancy, regardless of how it ends (childbirth, spontaneous or drug-induced abortion).
If a woman with a negative Rh factor already has antibodies in her blood, the administration of serum is strictly contraindicated.
Types of conflicts
There is also the concept of incompatible blood groups during pregnancy in mother and child, which can also lead to the development of conflict, but according to the ABO system.
This type of complication is as common as Rhesus incompatibility, but its consequences are less catastrophic. It can develop if the mother, that is, does not contain agglutinogens, and the child inherits any other group from the father, and accordingly his blood contains antigens A and B, both individually and together.
A conflict in the ABO system can develop even during the first pregnancy, but the fetus will not develop pathological conditions, and there will be no signs of anemia. But just as in the case of Rh-conflict, in the first days after birth the level of bilirubin in the child’s blood will be significantly increased and in order to eliminate the manifestations of pathological jaundice in him it will be necessary to carry out the same therapeutic measures as in the case of an isoimmune conflict for Rh- factor.
The blood groups of the child and the mother may also be incompatible for the birth of a child if the expectant mother has a history of a disease such as thrombocytopenia, that is, a decrease in the number of platelets in her blood. In this case, the woman experiences the formation of antibodies directed against the platelets of the fetus.
Conclusion
When making an initial visit to the antenatal clinic, the expectant mother will initially receive a referral to donate blood to determine her blood type and Rhesus affiliation. In the case of Rh(-) factor, her husband will receive the same direction. If the Rh factors of the future parents coincide, there will be no development of an autoimmune conflict.
In the case of different Rh factors of the spouses, the pregnancy will proceed under close supervision by a gynecologist, in order to early determine signs of the development of Rh conflict during pregnancy between mother and fetus, as well as the increase in signs of hemolytic disease in the baby. If they are detected, the woman will need urgent hospitalization and specific treatment.
Under no circumstances should you be upset and refuse to become pregnant and give birth to a baby if, for one reason or another, the blood groups of the future parents are incompatible.
Subject to careful medical supervision of the development of pregnancy, compliance with all recommendations and prescriptions of the gynecologist, it is possible, if not avoided, then to minimize all the negative consequences caused by different blood types of future parents. We hope you learned what incompatible blood groups are for pregnancy.
The problem of negative Rh factor worries many women. It occurs especially acutely in the case of the birth of second and subsequent children and after termination of pregnancy. This article talks about what rhesus is - conflict.
What is the Rh factor?
Rh factor is a substance (specific protein) formed on the surface of red blood cells - blood cells. It was discovered for more than 30 years in the blood of most people, who have since been considered Rh positive. Meanwhile, in 15% of people this protein is not detected, and their blood was determined to be Rh negative.
A negative Rh factor does not in any way affect a person’s well-being or health in everyday life. Particular attention is paid to it only in emergency circumstances, for example during a blood transfusion or during pregnancy.
If a person with Rh-negative blood is accidentally transfused with Rh-positive blood, then his body will perceive it as foreign and it will begin to actively destroy it. Likewise, during pregnancy, if both parents are in good health, a number of unfavorable conditions may arise due to incompatibility of the Rh factor:
negative Rh in the blood of a woman carrying a fetus;
Rh negative in the father of the child.
If a woman is diagnosed with negative Rh blood and the unborn child inherits it, then this situation does not pose any health hazard. However, if the fetus is Rh positive, then a Rh conflict is likely, which can cause hemolytic disease in the child and other serious health problems.
What is Rhesus - conflict
The Rhesus conflict is based on the incompatibility of the blood of the expectant mother and her child. The fetal hematopoietic system is formed by 7-8 weeks of intrauterine development. Its Rh antigen is able to easily cross the placenta and enter the blood of a pregnant woman, which is perceived by her body as something foreign. As a result, protective antibodies begin to be produced in her blood, which, penetrating the placenta, begin to fight the baby’s red blood cells, gradually destroying them.
This situation can lead to a miscarriage, as well as to the fact that the fetus’s blood will begin to produce large amounts of bilirubin, a substance that turns the skin and urine yellow and causes jaundice in newborns. Excessive concentrations of bilirubin in the fetal blood can damage the fetal brain, causing speech and hearing problems. In addition, Rh conflict can provoke anemia, congenital dropsy and even fetal death.
Rhesus conflict can lead to serious consequences
Often during the first pregnancy, the number of antigens is insignificant, due to the fact that a small amount of fetal blood enters the bloodstream of the pregnant woman. This makes it possible to carry and give birth to a healthy baby, avoiding complications and the occurrence of Rh conflict.
However, the situation changes during re-birth or termination of pregnancy, with a threat of miscarriage, placental abruption, chorionic villus biopsy or injury. In this case, sensitization of the woman’s body occurs, which leads to a strong production of protective antibodies upon repeated contact with antigens. This is due to the fact that immune memory cells are able to retain information about blood contact between mother and fetus.
Signs of Rhesus conflict
Rhesus - a conflict is determined only by the presence of specific antibodies in the blood of the expectant mother, and its severity is determined by their concentration: antibody titer. Pregnant women do not notice any external manifestations of the onset of this pathological process. Although sometimes it occurs with symptoms of gestosis. The fetus itself can suffer greatly at the time of conflict, which is detected on ultrasound in the form of:
presence of swelling in the fetus;
the appearance of fluid in the brain and abdominal cavity;
increase in heart size;
thickening of the placenta;
hypoxia of the fetus and an increase in its body weight.
Methods of prevention and treatment of Rhesus conflict
Fortunately, modern science does not stand still and is constantly evolving. Today, doctors know what measures need to be taken so that women with a negative Rh factor can bear and give birth to healthy babies.
1. All pregnant women should undergo testing as early as possible to determine their blood type and its Rh factor. In addition, the father of the unborn child must also donate blood for the Rh factor. In some cases, Rh conflict develops due to blood group incompatibility. However, it is less dangerous and is not capable of causing serious complications. If it turns out that both parents are Rh negative, then there is no reason to worry. In this case, the fetus will inherit the antigen of the parents and conflict will not occur.
2. If the pregnant woman’s Rh is negative, and the father of the unborn baby is positive, then the woman will be forced to regularly have blood from a vein tested. Until the 32nd week of pregnancy, blood is donated once a month, from 32 to 35 - twice a month, and from 35 - every week. This allows doctors to control the amount of antibodies in the blood and not miss the onset of Rhesus conflict at the earliest stage of development.
3. If Rh conflict occurs, then doctors have a number of measures in their arsenal aimed at saving the baby. Sometimes premature birth is caused, followed by an exchange transfusion of blood to the newborn: the introduction of blood of the same group, but with negative Rh. It is important to carry out this operation no later than 36 hours after the baby is born.
4. To reduce the risk of Rh conflict to a minimum during subsequent pregnancies, you need to take a significant break before this, at least 4-5 years.
5. A special vaccine, anti-Rhesus immunoglobulin, administered no later than 72 hours after childbirth or termination of pregnancy, helps to significantly reduce the occurrence of Rh conflict in subsequent pregnancies. The action of the drug is based on its ability to bind aggressive bodies in the mother’s blood and remove them from the body.
If due to some circumstances the vaccine was not administered immediately after childbirth or abortion, then it can be given during a subsequent pregnancy for prophylactic purposes. In addition, the anti-Rhesus immunoglobulin vaccine is indicated after surgery for ectopic pregnancy, as well as after puncture of the amniotic sac.
Hello! Today I have a sad topic, inspired by a story from mom’s groups. The girl wrote about how doctors stubbornly persuaded her to have an abortion according to indications, and how she resisted. I wondered how to make the right decision if doctors insist on a forced interruption, and the woman has contraindications. For example, negative Rh factor.
This fall, only the lazy did not write about the church’s initiative to ban abortion. Among the arguments of opponents, the need to terminate pregnancy for medical reasons was in first place. Such an abortion is called “forced” and presupposes the presence of serious diagnoses in the fetus or mother (ectopic pregnancy, pathologies incompatible with life, threat to the life of the mother, etc.).
At the same time, everyone somehow forgot that for some women interruption is, in principle, contraindicated. For example, an abortion with a negative Rh factor in the mother’s blood very often leads to subsequent attempts to have a child ending in miscarriage or infertility.
After an abortion, it is especially difficult for the body of such women to recover, therefore, even if you have an unwanted pregnancy and do not have the Rh factor in your blood, think ten times about the consequences before making a final decision.
Causes of Rh conflict and ways to neutralize it
Problematic blood compatibility arises because the mother does not have an antigen (protein) on the surface of her red blood cells. Accordingly, if a child’s Rh factor is positive (and this happens in 50% of cases), the mother’s body perceives it as a foreign object and seeks to expel the fetus. Actually, this is why negative Rh factor is dangerous. True, if a woman is expecting a child for the first time, then the risk is still minimal.
Firstly, a reaction to the fact that the fetus may never develop a positive blood type (in half of the cases this is exactly the case). Secondly, by registering with an obstetrician-gynecologist on time (at 7–8 weeks) and regularly donating blood for the Rh factor, the expectant mother helps her pregnancy proceed correctly and safely.
The future dad will also have to undergo tests, especially if he does not know whether his blood type is positive or negative.
As soon as the woman’s research results reveal the presence of antibodies and, in particular, their growth, the expectant mother is prescribed anti-Rhesus immunoglobulin. This drug helps stabilize the condition of the fetus and the pregnant woman. It is administered to the mother throughout pregnancy and immediately after childbirth.
Second pregnancy and negative blood type
The situation is somewhat more complicated if the couple already has a child and the family has decided on a second baby, or if a woman with negative Rh has had a frozen pregnancy, miscarriage or abortion. It’s good if the mother knows that she was injected with anti-Rhesus immunoglobulin serum after childbirth or after surgery, then there is hope that no negative reactions will occur in the woman’s blood.
Otherwise, since the body is already familiar with foreign antibodies of the IgG type, the likelihood of problems with bearing a fetus increases very much. In this case, again, it is very important to see a doctor as soon as possible.
A woman should find out what an increase in antibody titers in the blood affects at the very first stage of pregnancy. A second pregnancy with Rh conflict between mother and fetus can be very difficult, including hospitalization for conservation and intrauterine blood transfusion to the child.
But here, too, doctors already have certain achievements. In addition to introducing serum, they also work to purify blood plasma and even “deceive” the mother’s overactive antibodies, distracting them from attacking the fetus.
Involuntary abortion and Rh factor
What to do if, for some (very, very serious!) reasons, a woman with a negative blood type is advised to terminate her pregnancy? In this case, only early abortion can minimize the consequences. This should happen before the formation of blood flow in the fetus, i.e., at a maximum of 7 weeks. At the same time, the woman must be fully aware that she may not be able to bear the child later.
It should be noted that a negative blood type is a contraindication only for surgical abortion. I did not find any information about the fact that if you have the Rh factor, you cannot have a vacuum or medical abortion. It is better to check with your doctor how safe such methods will be.
After the operation, the patient is given anti-Rhesus immunoglobulin to reduce the body's sensitivity to the effects of foreign cells. The drug must be administered within the first two hours after termination of pregnancy or within the first three days after surgery. This is the only way to reduce the threat to a woman’s future pregnancy.
And finally. I don’t know what serious reasons can force a woman to have an abortion and whether they are comparable to probable infertility. What could it be? Severe pathologies in the unborn child? High probability of death for mother or baby? I really don't know.
In general, the topic of abortion, even forced abortion, is quite controversial and controversial. Should they be banned? I think not. Is it necessary to tighten control over this procedure? Perhaps yes, but without fanaticism.
The main thing is that the last word in this matter remains exclusively with the woman. The task of doctors is to explain the consequences, competently lead to a decision, assess the risks, and not intimidate the patient for the sake of statistics, plans and other bureaucracy.
Well then, friends. It seems to me that I have covered the question of the possibility of abortion or pregnancy in case of Rh conflict in sufficient detail. I hope neither you nor your friends will encounter this problem.
Visit me more often, invite friends, join discussions in the comments. As always, my gratitude for the repost!